3. Combination Prevention “Know your epidemic and response, and act on it” is the process. Appropriately tailored combination of prevention responses is the resulting plan.

4. Combination Prevention Addresses 3 common weaknesses in existing prevention efforts 1)Focus on individual risk, instead of societal factors that increase vulnerability 2)Inadequate joint planning 3)Lack of rigorous programme monitoring

5. Combination Prevention Strategic mix of structural, biomedical, behavioural strategies Programmes operate on multiple levels Carefully tailored to national and local needs and conditions Focus resources on immediate risks and underlying vulnerability Enhanced partnership and coordination Continuous improvement

6. Strategic Mix of Approaches Biomedical strategies Behavioral strategies Structural strategies

7. Planning Combination Prevention Inclusive, transparent, evidence-informed planning process Identify relative modes of transmission Identify geographic patterns Estimate size of key populations Document key social determinants of risk and vulnerability Review legal and policy environment Articulate a national plan

8. The Avahan Programme in India

9. Combination Prevention Strategic mix of structural, biomedical, behavioural strategies Programmes operate on multiple levels Carefully tailored to national and local needs and conditions Focus resources on immediate risks and underlying vulnerability Enhanced partnership and coordination Continuous improvement