1. IDEAL GAS LAW (EQUATION OF STATE)

2. Fig. 4-6, p. 89 AIR PARCEL Hypothetical No mixing of external air with air inside of parcel Large-scale atmosphere often behaves as parcels

3. Fig. 2-1, p. 29

4. ICE LIQUID WATER (note higher density)

5. Fig. 2-3, p. 31 3.3 x 10 5 J/kg2.5 x 10 6 J/kg Latent heat (L) of water phase changes

6. e = vapor pressure e s = saturation vapor pressure e s = e s (T)

7. Fig. 4-10, p. 91 e s = e s (T) e s water = e s ice supercooled water

8. Saturation Vapor Pressure and Temperature e s = 12.3 mb; T = 10°C e s = 23.4 mb; T = 20°C e s = 42.4 mb; T = 30°C

9. Air does not “hold” water All gases co-exist in the same volume

10. Fig. 4-5, p. 88 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

11. WRONG!

12. 21 (25%) 63 (75%) 14 (87%) 2 (13%)

13. Fig. 11-2, p. 287

14. Mean Evaporation (cm)

16. P = Precipitation PE = Potential Evapotranspiration Charlottesville Climatic Water Budget millimeters

18. PE P Surplus

19. PE P Deficit

21. Fig. 4-7, p. 89

22. Fig. 4-8, p. 89

23. Fig. 4-12, p. 93

24. Fig. 4-15, p. 96

25. Fig. 4-13a, p. 94

26. Fig. 4-13b, p. 94

27. Fig. 4-4, p. 87

31. Isobars-- Lines of equal pressure. They run horizontally from left to right and are labeled on the left side of the diagram. Pressure is given in increments of 100 mb and ranges from 1050 to 100 mb. Notice the spacing between isobars increases in the vertical (thus the name Log P).

32. Isotherms- Isotherms- Lines of equal temperature. They run from the southwest to the northeast (thus the name skew) across the diagram and are SOLID. Increment are given for every 10 degrees in units of Celsius. They are labeled at the bottom of the diagram.

33. Environmental sounding-- Same as the actual measured temperatures in the atmosphere. This is the jagged line running from bottom to top on the diagram. This line is always to the right of the dew point plot.

34. Dewpoint plot- This is the jagged line running from bottom to top. It is the vertical plot of dew point temperature. This line is always to the left of the environmental sounding.

35. Dry adiabatic lapse rate- Rate of cooling (9.8 degrees Celsius per kilometer) of a rising unsaturated parcel of air. These lines slope from the bottom right to the top left and are SOLID. Lines gradually arc to the top with height.

36. Moist adiabatic lapse rate-- Rate of cooling (depends on moisture content of air) of a rising saturated parcel of air. These lines slope from the bottom toward the top left. The MALR increases with height since saturated cold air has less moisture content than saturated warm air.

37. Saturation mixing ratio lines- Saturation mixing ratio lines- Lines of equal mixing ratio (mass of water vapor divided by mass of dry air -- grams per kilogram) These lines run from the bottom left to the top right and are DASHED. They are labeled on the bottom of the diagram.

38. Wind barbs- Wind speed (knots) and direction at various pressure levels. Plotted on the right of the diagram.

39. Fig. 7-1, p. 164

40. Fig. 7-2, p. 165

41. Fig. 7-3, p. 165

45. Fig. 4-10, p. 91

46. Fig. 7-8, p. 170

47. Fig. 7-7, p. 169

48. Fig. 7-9, p. 170

49. Fig. 2, p. 115

50. Fig. 6-29a, p. 159

51. Fig. 6-29b, p. 159

52. Fig. 6-29, p. 159

53. Fig. 6-15a, p. 149

54. Fig. 6-15b, p. 149

55. Fig. 6-15c, p. 149

56. Fig. 6-15d, p. 149

57. Fig. 6-15, p. 149

58. Fig. 6-16, p. 150

59. Fig. 6-18, p. 151

60. Fig. 6-19, p. 151

62. Table 5-2, p. 119

63. Fig. 5-23, p. 127