1. The Geosphere

2. What is the GEOSPHERE? All solid parts of Earth – Rocks, soils, minerals, sediments, magma The Grand Canyon, AZ

3. Remember… CruManCo Chemical Company

4. Layers of the Earth 1.Crust- O, Si, Al 2.Mantle- O, Si, Mg, Fe 3.Core- Fe, Ni Geologists classify Earth’s layers two ways: chemically and physically Chemical – by composition Physical- by structure Chemical Layers of the Earth

5. Physical Layers of the Earth Lithosphere – Crust and upper mantle combined – Broken in chunks called tectonic plates – Oceanic plates are thinner and denser than continental plates Asthenosphere -Layer of Jello-like magma in the mantle -Tectonic plates move due to convection currents in the asthenosphere

6. Physical Layers, cont. Mesosphere – The rest of the mantle; molten rock Outer Core – Liquid metal – Surrounds inner core Inner Core – Densest layer – Solid metal

7. Remember… LAMOI, The physical trainer

9. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9j1xGax YzY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9j1xGax YzY earth layer song

10. Theory of Plate Tectonics Lithosphere (upper mantle and crust) is divided into pieces called tectonic plates. These plates glide across the underlying asthenosphere like ice drifts across a pond. Continents are located on tectonic plates and move around with them

13. Plate Boundaries The area where two plates meet is called a plate boundary. Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur at or near plate boundaries Three main types of plate boundaries: 1.Divergent- separating 2.Convergent- colliding 3.Transform- scraping past

14. Earthquakes Worldwide Tectonic Plates Active Volcanoes

16. Transform Boundaries 2 plates slide past each other This sliding is not smooth. Plates lock and build up tension. After too much tension builds, the plates “snap” and move against each. Causes earthquakes

18. Divergent Boundaries When two plates separate Most common on ocean floor Creates Mid-Atlantic Ridge which is visible on land in Iceland

19. Divergence Forms New Ocean Floor

20. Convergent Boundaries Three Main Types: 1.Continental & Oceanic- causes deep ocean trench and land volcanoes Ex: Andes Mountains 2. Oceanic & Oceanic- causes deep ocean trench and island arc (chain of volcanic mountains) Ex: Mariana islands and Mariana trench 3. Continental & Continental- causes large land mountain ranges Ex: Himalayan Mountains

21. Subduction Zone Continental + Oceanic Crust

22. Subduction Zone Oceanic + Oceanic Crust

23. Subduction Zone Oceanic + Oceanic Crust (another view)

24. Continental + Continental Crust

25. Some videos for your viewing pleasure… Plate Movement: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryrXAGY1 dmE&feature=endscreen&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryrXAGY1 dmE&feature=endscreen&NR=1 San Andreas Fault: http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=Zx PTLmg0ZCw&feature=endscreen http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=Zx PTLmg0ZCw&feature=endscreen