1. POPULATION and the ENVIRONMENT

2. Aerial census for African buffalo in the Serengeti of East Africa What is a population?

3. Aerial census for African buffalo in the Serengeti of East Africa A population is a group of organisms living in the same habitat that belong to the same species.

4. World Population Growth 1750-2000 (in millions)

5. Population Growth It should be clear that the population to the right is growing. What are some factors that may cause a population of organisms to increase or decrease over time? Numbers of organisms in a population can go up, down, or stay constant over time.

6. Factors such as: Food/water availability, predators, competition from other species, parasites, disease catastrophic events, Migration (Emigration and Immigration) Habitat depletion….No home : ( Limiting factors – any condition of the environment that limits the size of a population (food, shelter, predation, sunlight, oxygen etc)

7. The population below is growing in number. When a population is growing, it is said to be growing exponentially. When a population is growing exponentially, is the birth rate higher, lower, or equal to the death rate? Exponential growth Population Growth Patterns Logistical vs. Exponential

8. In a population growing exponentially, the birth rate is higher than the death rate. Exponential growth “J curve” Population Growth Patterns

9. Some populations of organisms reach a plateau in their growth. This is called their carrying capacity. These populations are said to be growing with logistical growth. “S curve” carrying capacity

10. Carrying capacity – The number of organisms that can be supported by a particular ecosystem *within natural resource limits-without destroying it.

11. Population Growth Patterns 1.What is the carrying capacity of the population on the right? 2.About how many days did it take for the population to reach carrying capacity? 3.Which of the following is probably NOT a reason the population reached and maintained a plateau? a. limits in food supply b. competition with other species c. competition for space d. a major storm Logistical vs. Exponential

12. Population Growth Patterns What is the carrying capacity of the population on the right? around 135 individuals About how many days did it take for the population to reach carrying capacity? about 80 days Which of the following is probably NOT a reason the population reached and maintained a plateau? a. limits in food supply b. competition with other species c. competition for space d. a major storm would probably not cause a population to maintain its size Logistical vs. Exponential

13. Below is a graph of human population growth over the last 8000 years.

14. Logistical vs. Exponential What are some factors that have caused the human population to skyrocket in the past 200 years? Have humans demonstrated logistical or exponential growth?

15. Logistical vs. Exponential What are some factors that have caused the human population to skyrocket in the past 200 years? Increased technology to alter habitats (ie: skyscrapers), and medical advances (ie: antibiotics) Humans have demonstrated exponential growth.

16. Living organisms have the capability to produce populations of unlimited size, but the environment can support only a limited number of individuals from each species. NO

17. Overpopulation - the condition of having a population so dense as to cause environmental deterioration, an impaired quality of life, or a population crash

18. Populations are Dynamic What does that mean? What factors contribute to the changes in size and composition over time? Birth rate/Death rate United States 14.1/8.7 Australia 12.7/7.3 Iraq 34.2/6.0 Iran 17.5/5.4 Japan 10.0/8.5 Italy 8.9/10.1 Russia 9.7/13.9 Life Expectancy

19. Human Overpopulation Migration: Emigration/Immigration – The U.S. population is growing by about 2.5 million people each year. Of that, immigration contributes over one million people to the U.S. population annually. Limited Resources (food, water, and living space) Density Dependent Factors: related to the density of the population. Examples? Density Independent Factors: Not related to population size. Examples?

20. Density Dependent Factors: related to the density of the population. (disease, predation, competition) Density Independent Factors: Not related to population size (killing frost, severe blizzard, hurricane, etc)

21. Exponential Growth of Human Population causes??

23. Human Impact on the Environment Deforestation Pollution – Water supply (fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, acid rain), depletion of ozone layer, global warming Environment - US current issues: air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US and Canada; the US is the largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water pollution from runoff of pesticides and fertilizers; limited natural fresh water resources in much of the western part of the country require careful management; desertification ~CIA.gov

24. Human Population Dynamics A review of the CAPT Embedded Task GHS revised Greewich PPT Human Population Growth 10.53

25. We can compare different countries to see these differences. Human Population Growth Although the human population as a whole is growing at an amazing rate, different populations of people are growing at different rates.

26. In this activity we will compare three different countries… United StatesAfghanistanItaly

27. Population Pyramids To compare different countries populations, we can use a population pyramid. To the right is a population pyramid based on a make- believe population.

28. Population Pyramids can… Compare males vs. females in a population Compare different age groups in a population

29. Let’s review... 1.What is the most populated age group in this population? 3.About how many children (what %) in this population are under the age of 5? How many are female? 2. Predict what age group will be the most populated in 15 years.

30. Let’s review... 1.What is the most populated age group in this population? The most populated age group is those between 20 and 24 years in age. 2.Predict what age group will be the most populated in 15 years. Assuming that there is not a major growth period in this population in the next 15 years, the group that is currently 20-24 years old will be in the 35-39 age group.

31. Let’s review... 3.About how many children in this population are under the age of 5? Approximately 12.5% of the population is 0-4 years old. How many of them are female? Looking on the left side of the pyramid in the 0-4 age bracket, about 6% of those under age 5 are female.

32. So back to our previous question. How do these three countries compare? United StatesAfganistanItaly

33. U.S. vs. Afghanistan Afghanistan United States

34. Now, let’s compare countries again… Rapid vs Slow Growth What do you notice about the populations from these countries? Do you notice that Afghanistan has more people in the lower age brackets? The U.S. has more people in the middle age bracket. Which do you think represents Rapid Growth? Slow?

35. RAPID GROWTH “Pyramid”

36. RAPID GROWTH Underdeveloped or developing countries Wide base, narrow top = young population High Birth Rates

37. SLOW GROWTH “Boxy” “Pear Shaped” “Middle Bulge”

38. SLOW GROWTH Developed Countries # young is less than # of middle aged Wide center portion “pear shaped”

39. Now, let’s compare countries again… Based on these graphs, what is one issue that each country will have to face in the future??

40. NEGATIVE GROWTH

41. Death Rate Exceeds the Birth Rate Middle Age Migration/Job Opportunities

42. Now lets look at Italy… What are some issues that Italians face in the future?

43. Now lets look at Italy… What are some issues that Italians face in the future? Italians face a declining population. That means a smaller work force and a shrinking population of the Italian culture and heritage.

44. Summary… test yourself To the right is a comparison of France and Kenya. Answer the following questions: 1. What is a potential concern for each country for the future? 2. What is a major difference between the two populations in terms of life expectancy? Predict why. 3. Label each country as “A growing country” or “A stable/declining country”. 4. One country is growing exponentially. Which one?

45. Summary… answers FRANCE 1.What is a potential concern for each country for the future? France is a stabilized population with little growth. It will have an aging middle class in years to come. Because the average age in France continues to rise, how will the population support its large number of aging citizens? 2.What is a major difference between the two populations in terms of life expectancy? France has many more people growing into their 80’s and even 90’s compared to Kenya. This may be because France has better health care for the sick and elderly. 3. Label each country as “A growing country” or “A stable/declining country”. This country has a stable/declining population. 4.One country is growing exponentially. Which one? (Not this one.)

46. Summary… answers KENYA 1.What is a potential concern for each country for the future? Kenya clearly is a growing country. It has proportionally many more younger people than France. The country will have to supply more and more resources like food and energy for its growing population. 2.What is a major difference between the two populations in terms of life expectancy? Kenya has many fewer people growing into their 70’s and even 80’s compared to France. This may be because Kenya has poorer health care and fewer nursing programs for the elderly. 3. Label each country as “A growing country” or “A stable/declining country”. This country has a growing population. 4.One country is growing exponentially. Which one? Kenya is definitely growing exponentially.

47. Three Patterns of Population Growth Causes?

48. 1978: single birth policy: China In 1990 # of 10-14YO’s? Age in 2012?

49. You can research population pyramids, and other info having to do with population for any country worldwide. Visit the website below: http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/