1. HURRICANES The History, Structure, Development, and Destruction Source: http://www.dc.peachnet.edu/~pgore/students/w97/matheson/hpage.htm Modified from multiple internet sources

2. What is a hurricane? Violent cyclonic storm that develops in the tropical region Wind speeds are > 74 mph Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/ Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=680

3. Rotation and Pressure In which direction does a hurricane rotate? COUNTERCLOCKWISE (northern hemisphere) CLOCKWISE (southern hemisphere) Is the barometric pressure inside the hurricane high or low? LOW

4. When is Hurricane Season? June 1 st through November 31st

5. What is the role of the National Weather Service during hurricane season? Provides weather information, such as data from satellites Responsible for issuing watches and warnings to the media and general public

6. Watch vs. Warning What is the difference between a Hurricane Watch and a Hurricane Warning? Watch – Tropical storm poses a threat to coastal areas with 36 hours Warning - Tropical storm conditions are expected in a coastal area within 24 hours

7. The Path of Hurricanes When hurricanes make “landfall” they have come onshore in a certain area. Due to the fact that they are huge storms, the areas adjacent to the actual landfall location are also impacted. Hurricanes have “paths” in which they travel and move at different speeds over water and land. Once they hit land, they do slow down and weaken. Warm water “feeds” the hurricane and helps them grow larger and stronger.

8. What conditions must be present for a hurricane to develop? Warm ocean temperatures (>80˚ F) up to 60m deep Little to no wind shear Low pressure system at least 5˚ North or South of Equator Rotation caused by winds

9. Intertropical Convergence Zone I The ITCZ is an area of low pressure located roughly 5 degrees North and South of the Equator. It is a place where air converges, rises, and condenses (forming clouds). It is the rainiest place on Earth!

10. Intertropical Convergence Zone II Thunderstorms push off the coast of Africa and become tropical disturbances (waves)

11. Intertropical Convergence Zone III

12. What is the major source of energy fueling a hurricane? Heat Energy evaporating from the ocean surface Source: http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/hyd/evap.rxml

13. Hurricane Anatomy Source: http://hurricanes.noaa.gov/prepare/structure.htm

14. Another look at the Structure Source: http://hurricanes.noaa.gov/prepare/structure.htm

15. Comparison of Terms Tropical Disturbance Group of thunderstorms in the tropics that are present for at least 24 hours Tropical Wave lack of circulation, winds <25 mph and every direction Tropical Depression closed circulation but disorganized, winds at least 25 mph

16. Tropical Storm Shower and thunderstorm moves over closed circulation, winds greater than 39 mph Hurricane Eye is developed, winds > 74 mph

17. Compare the Following Source: http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/hurr/stages/home.rxml

18. By what two factors is hurricane strength measured? Wind Speed Barometric Pressure

19. What is the Scale Used to Categorize Hurricanes? Saffir-Simpson Scale CategoryMax Wind Speed (mph) Min. Surface Pressure (mb) Storm Surge m (ft) 174-96> 9801-1.7 (3-5) 297-111979-9651.8-2.6 (6-8) 3112-131964-9452.7-3.8 (9-12) 4132-155944-9203.9-5.6 (13-18) 5> 155< 920> 5.7 (>19) Source: http://kids.earth.nasa.gov/archive/hurricane/saffir-simpson.html

20. What causes the damage in a hurricane? Winds Flooding Storm Surge

21. What is a storm surge? Large wall or dome of water that rushes into the coastline as a result of a hurricane making landfall To the right are the areas affected by high storm surges Souce: http://www.wkrg.com/hurricanecenter/surge/SE.jpg

22. What destroys a hurricane? Strong vertical winds Cold water Movement over land Friction Lack of moisture

23. What are the five costliest hurricanes in the United States? 1. Hurricane Katrina – 2005 2. Hurricane Andrew – 1992 3. Hurricane Hugo – 1989 4. Hurricane Fran – 1996 5. Hurricane Opal – 1995

24. Hurricane Trivia: Costliest Storm Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane. The total damage from Katrina is estimated at $81.2 billion2005 Atlantic hurricane season hurricane Information from Wikipedia Animated photo from CIMSSCIMSS

25. Explain why the majority of the costliest storms are relatively recent Damage is a result of development There are more developed areas and possessions than in the past Source: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1992andrew.html

26. What are the five deadliest hurricanes in the United States? 1. Galveston – 1900 2. Southeast Florida – 1928 3. Florida Keys – 1919 4. New England – 1938 5. Florida Keys – 1935

27. Explain why the deadliest storms were longer ago. Lack of instrumentation to predict and track storms People were not warned of the incoming danger Source: http://www.1900storm.com/photographs/photo10.html Results of the Galveston Hurricane

28. Hurricane Trivia: Deadliest Storm The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 made landfall on the city of Galveston, Texas on September 8, 1900. It had estimated winds of 135 mph (215 km/h) at landfall, making it a Category 4 storm on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Picture and information Source: Galveston Hurricane of 1900 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Picture and information Source: Galveston Hurricane of 1900 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia During he 1900 Storm: Galveston, Texas, 6,000 people died and it destroyed the city.

29. Andrea Barry Chantal Dean Erin Felix Gabrielle Humberto Ingrid Jerry Karen Lorenzo Melissa Noel Olga Pablo Rebekah Sebastien Tanya Van Wendy An example list: In 1953 the National Weather Service began naming storms after women. In 1979, men’s names were added to the list of hurricane names. In the Atlantic, there are 6 lists of names that are recycled. In the case of storms so devastating that reusing the name is inappropriate, the name is taken off the list and another name is used to replace it. The name “Katrina” is one that will be removed from the list. Hurricane Naming System – Why do they have names anyway?

30. What are the names of the 2002 Hurricanes? ArthurHannaOmar BerthaIsidorePaloma CristobalJosephineRene DollyKyleSally EdouardLiliTeddy FayMarcoVicky GustavNanaWilfred Source: http://www.hurricanewarning.net/coordinates.html

31. How has a hurricane affected you personally? Damage to your house from wind? Damage from flooding? Destroyed vacation house? Damage to family members’ homes?

32. http://cindi.usgs.gov/cindi/hazard/event/floyd/ncflood/mediums/img023.jpg Mrs. Parker’s Old House Final Water Level Flooding of Tar River as result of Hurricanes Dennis and Floyd Dockside Tar River Estates

33. Damage to Greenville Extensive Flooding Extended Power outages Flood Related Deaths Property Damage US 264 Bridge Source: http://cindi.usgs.gov/cindi /hazard/event/floyd/ncflood/ mediums/img022.jpg

34. Damage to Greenville Source: http://www.guc.com/about/floyd.htm

35. More cool stuff to check out…

36. Hurricane Damage I

37. Hurricane Damage II

38. Hurricane Damage III

39. Hurricane Damage IV

40. Think about this. How do you think technology has changed Hurricane awareness and safety? The map on the left is a map from Hurricane Hilda in 1964. The map on the right is a map of Hurricane Rita in 2005. If the technology now available had existed for the 1900 Galveston Hurricane, could the outcome have been different? How? Why? Explain your answer to the class or write a paragraph about it. Has technology changed hurricane forecasting?

41. Protection Listen to warnings Take all warnings seriously Follow evacuations Prepare Food and Water for extensive power outages

42. Source: http://www.dc.peachnet.edu/~pgore/students/w97/matheson/hpage.htm THE END