1. AMD K-6 Processor Evaluation

2. Registers

3. AMD-K6 Registers General purpose registers Segment registers Floating point registers MMX registers EFLAGS register

4. Continue... Control registers Task register Debug registers Test registers Descriptor/memory registers Model-specific registers (MSRs)-Model 6

5. General-Purpose Registers 8 32-bit general-purpose registers EAX EBX ECX

6. Continue EDX EDI ESI ESP EBP

7. Segment registers 6 16-bit segment registers Used as pointers to areas (segments) of memory CS DS ES

8. Continue FS GS SS

9. Floating-Point Registers 8 80-bit numeric floating point registers Help the floating-point execution unit Labeled FPR0–FPR7

10. MMX Registers 8 64-bit MMX registers Used by multimedia software

11. EFLAGS Register Provides for three different types of flags –System flags –Control flag –Status flags

12. Control Registers 5 control registers Contain system control bits and pointers

13. Task Register Contains a pointer to the Task State Segment of the current task

14. Debug Registers 8 Debug registers Labled DR0-DR7

15. Descriptors Define, protect, and isolate code segments, data segments, task state segments, and gates

16. Memory Management Registers The AMD-K6 processor controls segmented memory management with 4 registers: –Global Descriptor Table Register –Interrupt Descriptor Table Register –Local Descriptor Table Register –Task Register

17. Model-Specific Registers (MSR) 5 MSRs –Machine Check Address Register (MCAR) –Machine Check Type Register (MCTR) –Test Register 12 (TR12) –Time Stamp Counter (TSC) –Write Handling Control Register (WHCR)

18. MCAR and MCTR Both are 64-bit The AMD-K6 processor does not support the generation of a machine check exception, so these are used MCAR and MCTR are used instead

19. Test Register 12 Disable the L1 caches

20. Time Stamp Counter (TSC) 16-bit The time stamp counter (TSC) MSR is incremented by the processor with each process or clock cycle

21. Write Handling Control Register (WHCR) Contains three fields: WCDE bit, Write Allocate Enable Limit (WAELIM) field, and the Write Allocate Enable 15-to-16- Mbyte (WAE15M) bit

22. CPU SPEED

23. Very fast under Windows NT 4.0 The 32-bit performance is excellent Runs Windows 95 faster than the Intel Pentium MMX

24. Continue Good choice for a great gaming machine Good engine for running Microsoft Office, surfing the net, and checking email

25. Continue If Windows NT is the primary operating system, the AMD K6 should be considered as a low cost but good performing alternative to a Pentium Pro or Pentium II

26. CPU Type: RISC86

27. RISC86 Superscalar Microarchitecture RISC86 microarchitecture - Internally translates x86 instructions into RISC86 operations –x86 Instructions - 1 to 15 bytes –RISC86 opcodes - simpler fixed-length Superscalar operation - multiple decode, execution, and retirement –Centralized Schedule Buffer/ Instruction Control Unit Buffers and manages up to 24 RISC86 operations at one time –Equates to 12 x86 instructions –Multiple Decoders Buffer can receive up to 4 RISC86 operations from decoders in 1 clock –7 Parallel Execution Units Buffer can issue up to 6 RISC86 operations to execution units in 1 clock

28. x86 Instruction Categories (Short and Long Decodes) Short Decode –Common x86 instructions  7 bytes in length –Produce  1 RISC86 operations –2 processed per clock –Processed completely within the decoders Long Decode –More complex and somewhat common x86 instructions  11 bytes in length –Produce up to 4 RISC86 operations –1 processed per clock –Processed completely within the decoders

29. x86 Instruction Categories (Vector Decode) Vector Decode –Complex x86 instructions requiring long sequences or RISC86 instructions –1 processed per clock –Decoders generate an initial set of 4 RISC86 operations Decode is completed by fetching a sequence of additional operations from an on-chip ROM at a rate of 4 operations per clock

30. RISC86 Operations Categories Memory load operations (load) Memory store operations (store) Integer register operations (alu/alux) MMX register operations (meu) Floating-point register operations (float) Branch condition evaluations (branch)

31. x86 to RISC86 Translation Example

32. Instruction Set

33. Categories –Arithmetic –Conversions –Logical Operations –Transfers and Memory Operations Compatibility –Uses full Intel Instruction Set Features –Three Separate Instruction Sets Integer Instruction Set Floating-Point Instruction Set MMX Instruction Set

34. Technologies Used

35. RISC86 Superscalar microarchitecture –This enables leading-edge performance on both Microsoft Windows 95 and Windows NT operating systems, and the installed base of x86 software Socket 7-compatible Bus Interface –This allows PC manufacturers and resellers to leverage today’s infrastructure to quickly bring superior price/performance PC systems to market

36. Detailed Comparison of the K-6 to the Intel Pentium

37. Continued

39. Factors Affecting Performance

40. Pipelining, prefetching, and predecoding –Using a 32 byte instruction cache line, lines are prefetched and predecoded. This enables the decoders to efficiently decode multiple instruction simultaneously Multiple Decoders –The decoders issue up to four opertions at a time to the centralized schedule buffer which buffers and manages up to 24 operations at a time. Parallel Execution Units –The Instruction Control Unit issues up to six instruction to the execution units and they are executed in parallel

41. Addressing Modes

42. Memory Map

43. Addressing Modes Direct Addressing: - address operand byte points directly to the target data - only for internal RAM Indirect Addressing: - two address operand bytes pointing to another pair of address bytes, containing the address of the operand - for internal and external RAM Immediate Constants: - value of a constant can follow the operation code in the program memory Indexed Addressing: - only program memory can be accessed - only read operations are possible - addressing mode reads lookup tables in the program memory - base register points to the base of the table entry and the accumulator is set up with the table entry number

44. Addressing Modes Register Instructions: - for register banks containing registers from R0 to R7 - 3-bit register specification in the operation code of the instruction - no address byte Register-Specific Instructions: - some instructions are specific to certain registers - no address byte necessary - operation code does the pointing itself

45. Perspective On Role In The Market Place Microprocessor Market: - short product life cycles - migration to higher performance microprocessors - dominant position of Intel Corporation  setting standards  affecting margins and profitability of competitors  restricting innovation and differentiation of product offerings - successful competition possible if:  new process technologies  higher performance microprocessors  greater volumes  significant capital expenditures

46. AMD-K6 Processor Family Roadmap

47. Perspective On Role In The Market Place - K6 - key element of further developments - aggressive technology transition schedule - possible risks and uncertainties:  successful fabrication of higher performance AMD-K6 ?  Intel’s new product introduction, marketing strategies and pricing ?  continued development of worldwide market acceptance ?  availability of financial and other resources ?  possible adverse market conditions in the PS market ?  unexpected interruptions of production ?