1. Using Concept Maps for Studying Dave Lush Feb 2012

2. Contents Introduction Knowledge Concepts – Definition of Knowledge – States of Knowledge – Types of Knowledge Transfer – Why Is Knowledge Valuable? What Is Learning? What Is Studying? What Are Concept Maps? How Can Concept Maps Facilitate Studying? The Steps Concept Map for This Briefing

3. Introduction In My Work I Do a Lot of Research and Studying. A Few Years Ago I Started Using Concept Maps to Help Me Extract, Relate, and Organize Key Knowledge from the Source Documents I Was Researching. Over the Period Since I Have Concluded That Concept Maps Greatly Enhance the Learning Process in Terms of Rate of Learning and Completeness/Clarity of What Is Learned. So, In the Following I Want to Provide Some Notions That Might Be of Use to Any One Who Wants to Improve the Researching/Studying Process and Associated Learning Results.

4. Knowledge Concepts What Is Knowledge? – Knowledge Is “Justified True Belief” – Types of Knowledge Situational Awareness Knowledge How to Knowledge Concept Knowledge Two States of Knowledge: – Externalized – Internalized Implicit (easily externalized) Tacit (difficult to externalize) Types of Knowledge Conversion (between the states) – Socialization (internalized to internalized) – Externalization (internalized to externalized) – Combination (externalized to externalized) – Internalization (externalized to internalized) Acquired Knowledge Enables Useful Action and Useful Action Enables Acquisition of More Knowledge

5. UNCLASSIFIED 5 Knowledge Creation and Conversion (Nonaka & Takeuchi 1995) Manual or Automated Process Externalized Knowledge Externalized Knowledge socialization externalization internalization socialization internalization externalization combination creation Nonaka and Takeuchi cite 2 states of knowledge and 5 knowledge processes. Knowledge has 2 states:  Internal  external There are 5 knowledge processes:  Creation  Externalization (int to ext)  Internalization (ext to int)  Socialization (int to int)  Combination (ext to ext)

6. Knowledge Concepts (continued) Knowledge Is Represented by: – Concepts (classes and instances/entities) – Attributes/Properties (of the concepts/entities) – Assertions/Relationships (about/between the concepts)

7. What Is Learning? Learning Is the Acquisition/Internalization of Knowledge Learning Enables Useful Action Useful Action Enables Learning

8. What Is Studying? Studying Is the Useful Action of Reading and Thinking In Order to Achieve Learning Studying Is Executed by the Student Who – Reads and Thinks About Externalized Source Knowledge (textbooks and class notes) and – Gains Internalized Knowledge Accordingly Concepts/Entities Attributes/Properties (of the concepts/entities) Assertions/Relationships (between the concepts and entities)

9. What Are Concept Maps? Graphical Means for Expressing Structured Knowledge (e.g. CmapTools) CmapTools – Concepts/Entities – Attributes/Properties – Assertions/Relationships Excellent Means to Extract Key Knowledge from Externalized Source Knowledge (e.g. Textbooks and Class Notes) In Order to Facilitate Internalization of the Source Knowledge (in the brain of the student) Check Out This LinkLink

10. The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How to Construct and Use Them Joseph D. NovakJoseph D. Novak & Alberto J. CañasAlberto J. Cañas Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition Pensacola Fl, 32502 www.ihmc.us

13. How Do Concept Maps Expedite Learning? Provide for Concise Organized Expression of the Knowledge Inherent in Textual Source Material – Concepts (Classes/Entities) – Attributes/Properties (of concepts/entities) – Relations (between concepts/entities) Learning Occurs During the Process of Creating and Refining the Concept Map Learning Occurs During Iterative (Repeated) Study/Review of the Concept Map with Reference Back to the Source Material and Associated Updates to the Concept Map

14. Concept Map Driven Approach to Studying The Steps Phase 1: – Read Through Textbook Assignment and Notes – Go Back and Identify/Map Nouns with C-map Phase 2: – Read Through Textbook and Notes – Go Back and Identify/Map Noun-Verb-Noun/Adjective Relationships with C-map Phase 3: – Study and Think (hard) about the Concept Map – Identify Unclear (in your mind) Meanings – Check for Sense of Completeness – Check for Sense of Consistency – Reference the Text for Clarification – Update the Concept Map Accordingly – Repeat the Preceding

15. Some Additional Advice Stick With It! – Must Do It Several Times for It to Seem Natural – Get to the Point Where You Are Uncomfortable Studying Without Using Concept Maps Think Hard and Ask Yourself Questions! – What Does a Passage or Paragraph in the Source Material Mean? – Is the Concept Map Complete? – Is the Concept Map Coherent? Does It Make Sense? – Don’t Quit Until You Have Figured It Out and You Understand Your Concept Map