1. Cellular Energy Biology Mr. Hamilton

2. Use of Energy Autotrophs: Make their own energy during photosynthesis. Includes: plants, some bacteria & algae. Heterotrophs: Obtain food from other sources. Cells carry out cellular respiration. Includes: mammals, fungi, some bacteria and protists.

3. ATP Adenosine triphosphate Energy carrying molecule. Made during cellular respiration carried out in all living organisms. Created from adding a phosphate group onto ADP. Provides energy by breaking phosphate group off.

4. ATP

7. Photosynthesis Chemical Reaction: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O ---Light---  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 (Carbon (Water) (Sugar: Glucose) (Oxygen) Dioxide) Reactants Products

8. Which of the following is an autotroph? A. Cat B. Dog C. Fish D. Rose 15

9. What is produced during photosynthesis? A. Carbon dioxide and water B. Light C. Sugar and oxygen D. Sugar and carbon dioxide 20

10. What organic compound is formed during photosynthesis? A. Water B. Light C. Oxygen D. Sugar 15

11. Which organism below is a heterotroph? A. Shrub B. Moss C. Mushroom D. Tree 15

12. Aerobic reactions… A. Occur only in plants B. Occur with oxygen C. Occur without oxygen D. Occur only in animals 20

13. Pigment involved in photosynthesis is… A. Chloroplast B. Chlorophyll C. Carotenoids D. Hemoglobin 15

14. Photosynthesis Stages of photosynthesis Light Absorption (stage 1): Energy is captured from sunlight by pigments. Two types of pigments Chlorophyll: Primary pigment that causes plants to appear green. Carotenoids: Responsible for fall colors and red, yellow and orange flowers. Thylakoids: Specific location of light absorption.

17. Stages of photosynthesis (cont.) Stage 2: Light energy is converted to chemical energy. Electron Transport Chain: Electrons give off energy as they get transported across the thylakoid membrane. NADPH: An electron carrier that provides energy to make sugar.

18. Stages of photosynthesis (cont.) Stage 3: (Light independent) Energy in ATP and NADPH is used to form organic compounds using CO 2. Calvin Cycle: A series of reactions that produces sugar.

19. Photosynthesis Concept Map

20. 3CO 2 + 3H 2 O Light > C 3 H 6 O 3 + 3O 2 What does this reaction show? A. Cellular respiration B. Homeostasis C. Photosynthesis D. Reproduction 20

21. ATP and NADPH are… A. Products of photosynthesis B. Energy carrying molecules C. Used during light- dependent reactions D. Unrelated molecules 20

22. ATP and NADPH are… A. Products of photosynthesis B. Energy carrying molecules C. Used during light- dependent reactions D. Unrelated molecules 20

23. Cellular Respiration Chemical Reaction C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 ------  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP ( glucose) (oxygen) (carbon (water) (energy) dioxide) Reactants Products

24. Cellular Respiration—use of O 2 Anaerobic: Reactions that occur without oxygen. Small amount of energy produced. Aerobic: Reactions that require oxygen to occur. Majority of reactions require oxygen to produce a large amount of energy.

25. Cellular Respiration

26. Stage 1: Glycolysis: Process of converting glucose to pyruvate. Anaerobic Occurs in cytoplasm Produces 2 ATP

27. *Glycolysis starts with the phosphorylation (adding phosphate from ATP) of glucose. * For each molecule of glucose, 2 Pyruvates (small sugars formed from glucose) are produced.

28. Cellular Respiration (cont.) Stage 2: When oxygen is present pyruvate goes on into aerobic respiration. Aerobic Occurs in mitochondria Produces 36 ATP

29. Cell Respiration Stage 2 (cont.) Krebs Cycle: A series of enzyme- assisted reactions that create electron carriers that store energy (2 ATP)

30. Stage 2 Cell Respiration (cont.) Electron Transport chain: *Transfer of electrons help move Hydrogen ions along inner lining of mitochondria. At the end of ETC they combine with O 2 to form water (34 ATP)

31. Cellular Respiration (cont.) Fermentation: Occurs when oxygen is absent with no ATP being produced Occurs in: Microbes: Produces ethyl alcohol Human Cells: Produces lactic acid. Buildup of lactic acid in muscles causes soreness.

32. Where does aerobic cellular respiration occur? A. Chloroplast B. Cytoplasm C. Nucleus D. Mitochondria 20

33. What is produced in our muscles that causes muscle soreness? A. ATP B. Ethyl alcohol C. Lactic acid D. Fermentation 20

34. What kind of process is fermentation? A. Aerobic B. Anaerobic C. Only occurs in plants D. Only occurs in animals 20