1. Chapter 12 Pgs. 287-307

2.  Europe= home to more then 40 countries  Diversity comes from centuries of migration, cultural diffusion, conflict, & changing borders.  Europe’s diverse population reflects a long history of migrations throughout the continent. Most Europeans are descended from various Ind0-European & Mediterranean peoples who settled the continent centuries ago.

3.  Europe is home to 160 separate ethnic groups- groups of people with a shared ancestry, language, customs, & often religion.  Sweden= 89% of population are Swedes, descendents of Germanic & other groups that settled the peninsula of Scandinavia. They share the Swedish language & Lutheran religious heritage.  Belgium= 2 major ethnic groups, Flemings & the Walloons. Flemings- 56% of Belgium’s pop. Walloons 32 %.  Flemings= closely related to the Dutch, descended from Germanic groups who invaded present day Belgium during 400A.D.  Walloons= ancestry to Celts who lived in the area during the Germanic invasions.

4.  Republic of Bosnia- Herzegovina & Kosovo were centers of the most brutal warfare.  Following a policy called Ethnic Cleansing, Serb leaders expelled or killed rival ethnic groups in these areas.  As a result many people became Refugees- people who flee to a foreign country for safety.

5. * Europe’s population density is greater than that of any other country except Asia. * Pop. Map pg. 262– phys. Map pg. 262 * One of the most densely populated parts of Europe extends from the United Kingdom to France & across the North European Plain into the Czech Republic & Poland. * Germany= 82.2 million people – Europe’s largest country. * Vatican City= smallest @ 1,000 people

6.  Urbanization=rural villagers moving to urban areas.  The growth of industries & cities began 1 st in western Europe in the late 1700’s. later, WWII, this spread to eastern Europe.  Paris & London rank among world’s 20 largest urban areas.  Large cities face problem of overcrowding & pollution.  Naples, Italy  During the 1800’s & early 1900’s Europeans migrated to the Americas & parts of Africa & South Pacific regions.

7.  Through empire-building, immigration, & trade Europe’s cultures also have influences other parts of the world.  Fossils found suggest that early humans lived in Europe more than a million yrs ago. They moved place to place in search of food.  With farming, Europeans settled into agricultural villages, some which later developed into Europe’s 1 st cities.  2 civilizations in the Mediterranean est. the foundations of European & Western civilizations  1 st, Ancient Greece- reached its peak during the 400’s & 300 B.C.  2 nd, Rome- ruled vast empire that reached height of power between 27 B.C. & A.D. 180

8.  The Romans founded a republic, Italy, in 500 B.C.  Romans imitated Greek art & literature, & borrowed Greek science & architecture.  Roman developments in government, law, & engineering influenced other cultures.  Romans built networks of roads, bridges, & aqueducts- artificial channels for carrying water.  Late 300’s A.D. Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, later one of the world’s major religions.

9.  City-States= formed in Ancient Greece, independent communities consisting of a city & its surrounding lands.  Middle Ages= the period between ancient & modern times.  Feudalism- 500 A.D.- 1500, system in which monarchs or lords gave land to nobles in return for pledges of loyalty- replaced centralized governments.  Crusades- beginning of 1000’s, series of brutal religious wars to win Palestine, birthplace of Christianity, from Muslim rule. Europeans failed, but extended trade.  Renaissance- 300 yr period of discovery & learning, brought about great advances in European civilization. Led to scientific advances.  Reformation- religious movement that began in Germany in the 1400’s, leading to the est. of Protestant churches.

10.  Portugal- new trade routes around Africa to Asia.  Columbus  These voyages resulted in conquests of foreign lands, often destroying cultures already there.  Enlightenment- a movement during the 1700’s emphasizing the importance of reason & questioning traditions of & values.  Late 1600’s, English Parliament passed a Bill of Rights that limited power of the monarch.  Industrial Capitalism- economic system in which business leaders used profits to expand companies. New social classes emerged.

11.  Communism- a philosophy that called for a society based on economic equality in which workers would control the factories & industrial production.  WWI  Reparations- payments for damages  WWII  Holocaust-mass killings of Jews & others by Germany’s Nazi leaders.  Cold War- a power struggle between the communist world & the non communist world lead by the U.S.  European Union- an organization whose goal was a united Europe in which goods, services, & workers could move freely among countries.

12.  Europe has about 50 languages, more than 100 dialects, local forms of languages.  Language family- a group of related languages that developed from an earlier language.  Northern Ireland & the Good Friday Peace Agreement  Realism- an artistic style that focused on accurately depicting the details of everyday life.  Impressionists- artistic style that developed that developed in Europe in the late 1800’s & tried to show the natural appearance of objects with dabs or strokes of color.  Welfare states-nation in which the government assumes major responsibility for the people’s welfare in areas such as health & education.

13.  http://hopelive.hope.ac.uk/international/karld/eu rogeo/images/1'gdanisko_nowe_m.gif http://hopelive.hope.ac.uk/international/karld/eu rogeo/images/1'gdanisko_nowe_m.gif  http://images.teamsugar.com/files/upl1/19/19332 8/20_2008/56418847.preview.jpg http://images.teamsugar.com/files/upl1/19/19332 8/20_2008/56418847.preview.jpg  http://www.visitsweden.com/ImageVault/Images /conversionFormat_13/id_264/ImageVaultHandle r.aspx http://www.visitsweden.com/ImageVault/Images /conversionFormat_13/id_264/ImageVaultHandle r.aspx  http://www.nordvux.net/CMImageLibrary/308_fs _ee_allsaints_510.jpg http://www.nordvux.net/CMImageLibrary/308_fs _ee_allsaints_510.jpg  Boehm, Ph.D., Richard G.. World Geography. TX. Columbus: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2003.