1. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 11-1 Edited by Elizabeth Rieger Images, Figures and Tables Chapter 11 Abnormal Psychology Leading Researcher Perspectives

2. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 11-2 In the absence of health conditions that may compromise safe driving, older adults drive as well as younger age groups. Shutterstock

3. 11-3 Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. Figure 1 The number of Australians in different age groups as measured in 1999 and projected to exist in 2051

4. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. Dr Elsie Harwood, a pioneering figure in Australian psychology generally and the psychology of ageing in particular. 11-4 Courtesy The University of Queensland

5. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 11-5

6. 11-6 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans of a normal adult (above) and one with Alzheimer’s disease (below). The arrow points to a major fissure on the brain surface, called the lateral fissure. Note the increased width of the lateral fissure and other fissures in comparison with the normal brain scan. This increased width is due to a loss of grey matter (nerve cells). Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.

7. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 11-7

8. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 11-8

9. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 11-9

10. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 11-10 Figure 2 Wandering patterns

11. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. Morbidity and mortality rates for Aboriginal persons in Australia are significantly worse than for non-Aboriginal persons. In recognition of this fact, ‘old age’ for Indigenous Australians has been officially defined as beginning at age 50. Tim Graham/Getty Images 11-11

12. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 11-12 Figure 3 Depression relapse rates across a three-year period in patients who were treated with combined medication and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), medication alone, IPT plus placebo and placebo

13. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 11-13

14. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. Older Australians, including grandparents, are the largest providers of non-parental childcare in this country. 11-14

15. Proposed changes for DSM-V related to ageing Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias: One of the most notable changes is the suggestion to replace the term ‘dementia’ with ‘major neurocognitive disorders’; current terms such as ‘Alzheimer’s disease’, ‘vascular dementia’ (see below) and so forth would be subsumed under this category, with the rationale in part being to move away from the stigmatised nature of the term dementia. It has been proposed that mild cognitive disorder be introduced into the DSM-V under the term ‘minor neurocognitive disorders’ Depression and Anxiety: Depression and anxiety are often comorbid in all age groups including older adults. The proposed changes involved with respect to mood disorders include the addition of a mixed anxiety-depression disorder. In order to meet diagnostic criteria for this disorder, a patient must have three or four of the symptoms of major depression (which must include depressed mood and/or anhedonia), accompanied by anxious distress. Anxious distress is defined as having two or more of the following symptoms: irrational worry, preoccupation with unpleasant worries, having trouble relaxing, motor tension and/or fear that something awful may happen. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 11-15

16. Chapter 11 Summary The later years of life are often vital and productive, with older adults taking active roles in their families, their communities and society more generally. The populations of many industrialised countries are ‘greying’, meaning that the number of people over the age of 65 is increasing as a proportion of the population. While some small declines in selected cognitive areas such as memory may be expected with normal ageing, other skills (such as wisdom) may improve with age. Illnesses such as dementia, depression and anxiety are not part of normal ageing, but are due to disease processes. The symptoms of all of these illnesses may be relieved through medication and psychological approaches, and complete remission of depressive and anxiety symptoms can be achieved. Clinical psychologists who specialise in the area of ageing remain a minority in Australia but have much to offer in the assessment and treatment of older adults. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is key to maintaining good brain functioning. Important lifestyle considerations include increasing levels of physical activity, observing good nutrition and keeping the brain active. Such positive changes in lifestyle, along with avoiding excessive stress and seeking meaningful engagement with others, can contribute to positive ageing. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Pe rspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 11-16