1. Skeletal System:Axial Skeleton

2. The Complete Skeleton Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Skull
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Thoracic (rib) cage
Appendicular skeleton
Limbs
Girdles
Fig. 7.1

3. Superior and Posterior Views of Skull or Cranium
Modified from Fig. 7.2
Modified from Fig. 7.3
External occipital protuberance
Ligamentum nuchae: Helps keep head erect
Nuchal lines: Neck muscle attachment

4. Lateral View of Skull External acoustic (auditory) meatus
Mastoid Process
Temporal lines (temporalis muscle)
Zygomatic arch
Mandible
Condyle
Coronoid process
Modified from Fig. 7.4

5. Frontal View of Skull Optic foramen (optic nerve)
Modified from Fig. 7.8
Modified from Fig. 7.6
Optic foramen (optic nerve)
Nasolacrimal canal (tears from eye to nasal capsule)

6. Inferior View of Skull Foramen magnum Occipital condyles
Jugular foramen, carotid canal (foramen)
Mandibular fossa
Hard palate - maxilla and palatine
Modified from Fig. 7.12

7. Hyoid Bone and Auditory Ossicles
Unpaired
No direct bony attachment to skull
Attachment point for some tongue muscles
Attachment point for neck muscles that elevate larynx during speech and swallowing
Auditory ossicles
Incus
Malleous
Stapes
Images from Table 7.8

8. Vertebra Parts Body Vertebral foramen Vertebral arch
Superior and inferior articular processes
Transverse Processes
Articular facets for rib
Spinous process
Table 7.9

9. Vertebral Column Regions Cervical (7vertebrae) Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
Lumbar (5vertebrae)
Sacral bone(5 fused)
Coccygeal bone (4 fused)
Fig. 7.13

10. Cervical Vertebrae Atlas Axis First vertebra ‘yes’ motion
Second vertebra
Dens or ______________
‘no’ motion
Modified from Fig. 7.17

12. Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae
Modified from Fig. 7.18
Modified from Fig. 7.19

14. Sacrum and Coccyx
Modified from Fig. 7.20

16. Thoracic or Rib Cage and Sternum
Parts
Thoracic vertebrae
Ribs (12 pair)
True or Vertebrosternal
False
Sternum (manubrium, body…….xyphoid process is cartilage)
Modified from Fig. 7.21

17. Points to Remember Two major components of the human skeleton:
Axial skeleton arranged along the medial axis
Appendicular skeleton connects to the axial skeleton
Skull consists of:
22 bones (single and paired)
6 auditory ossicles (3 each side) and 1 hyoid
Vertebral column consists of:
Cervicals (7)
Thoracics (12)
Lumbars (5)
Sacrum (5, fused)
Coccyx (3-5, fused)
Rib cage has true (bone) ribs and false (cartilage) ribs

18. Questions?