1. Vertebrae H. Smith

3. 3 Spinous process Transverse process Body Vertebral foraman Intervertebral foraman

4. 4 Muscular Attachments muscular attachments on spinous and transverse processes

5. 5

6. Vertebral column Extends from skull to pelvis Consists of many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral disks that are connected by ligaments Forms central axis of the skeleton

7. Supports the head and the trunk of the body Flexible to permit movements Protects the spinal cord

8. How many vertebrae do we have? Adult: 26 Infant: 33 separate bones – Five vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum and four others join to become the coccyx

9. Components of vertebral column Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx

11. 3 parts of Vertebra Body: – Transfers weight along the axis; separated by intervertebral discs Arch: surrounds vertebral foramen Articular process: – Intervertebral foramina: gaps b/t each vertebra; permits passage of nerves to or from spinal cord

12. Cervical Vertebrae Comprise the bony axis of the neck Total of 7 Allows for 180 degree range of motion Atlas: (C1) holds up head – Practically no body or spine – Pivots around the dens of axis Axis: (C2) during development fuses with atlas

13. Atlas, C1, cervical vertebrae Inferior view Transverse foramen Inferior articular facet Vertebral foramen Transverse process Anterior arch Posterior arch Anterior tubercle Posterior tuberclesteven lee M.S. Pathology FTCC

14. Axis, C2 cervical vertebrae Dens (odontoid process) Superior articular facet Vertebral foramen Spinous process steven lee M.S. Pathology FTCC

15. Distinctions of Cervical Transverse processes of cervical are DISTINCT b/c of transverse foramina – Passageways for arteries leading to the brain Spinous processes: Uniquely forked (bifid): provide attachment for muscles

16. Thoracic Vertebrae Total of 12 Larger than cervical Long pointed spinous process slopes downward Bear increasing loads of body weight due to the increase in the body size of the vertebra

17. Thoracic Demi facets: on side of body to articulate with ribs

20. Lumbar Total of 5 in small of back Supports more weight b/c of larger and stronger bodies Transverse processes point backwards at sharp angles Large Bodies

21. Lumbar Short spinous processes, provide muscle attachement Longer transverse processes

24. Sacral Vertebrae fig 7.39 Originates as 5 vertebrae Complete fusion by age 25 (18-30)

26. Coccygeal Originates as 4 vertebra, fuses as 1 bone Fusion of time varies