2. PANCREAS- ya herd?

3. Insulin: lipids or brotein?  Insulin is a peptide-based hormone.

4. Pathway/Mechanism  Because insulin is a peptide-based hormone, it must bind to an extracellular receptor protein that acts as a conduit to initiate a series of phosphorylations, ultimately allowing glucose storage vesicles to bind with the plasma membrane and take in excess glucose from the blood stream, thus lowering blood sugar levels.

5. Pathway/Mechanism  Secondary Messenger

6. Cellular Response- Transcription Factor  Insulin activates a series of enzymes that act eventually act as a regulatory transcription factor for the FOXO1 gene.  This gene belongs to the forkhead family of transcription factors that regulate cell responses to oxidative stress. Additional activation of enzymatic intermediates causes the FOXO1 gene to initiate apoptosis.

7. Negative Feedback

8.  Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 diabetes is caused by a loss or malfunction of the insulin producing cells, called pancreatic beta cells. Damage to beta cells results in an absence or insufficient production of insulin produced by the body. Not enough insulin to produce signal  Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 diabetes is affected by environmental factors Impaired insulin action and uptake by cells Cells may have too much glucose and therefore cannot take in anymore