1. http://go.ncsu.edu/gmopoll What word comes to mind when you think of "GMO"?

2. My Background with Biotechnology BXN Cotton - 1995 VarietyPost herbicides# lint/aMikeUHM BXN47Buctril 700 b5.1 a1.04 b BXN47Cotoran Bladex 718 b5.0 a1.03 b LA887Cotoran Bladex 822 ab5.2 a1.08 a DLP51Cotoran Bladex 892 a4.7 a1.08 a

3. My Background with Biotechnology

4. DP 458BRR-UNTDP 458BRR-4 lf POST DP 458BRR-4 lf POST & 8 lf PD

5. My Background with Biotechnology Flower from non-treated plant--Good pollen deposition Flower from non-treated plant--Good pollen deposition Flower from glyphosate-treated plant-- pollen deposition only on low stigma

6. My Background with Biotechnology Yield changes since introduction of RR cotton

7. My Background with Biotechnology

11.  All these issues (pollination problems, bollworm control, yield drag) were addressed with improved technology and new GE varieties  98% of farms in NC are family farms and good labor is a huge issue  Convenience is as important to farmers as the public

12. My Background with Biotechnology

14. What is a GMO? What is the difference between genetically modified organisms and genetically engineered organisms.

15. What is a GMO? Man has been manipulating DNA in plants and animals for millennia All due to mutations and genomic alterations. All required human intervention for breeding and/or selection

16. What is a GMO? Man has been manipulating DNA in plants and animals for millennia

17. National Academies of Science http://nas-sites.org/ge- crops/category/events/pastevents/http://nas-sites.org/ge- crops/category/events/pastevents/ What is a GMO?

18. Recombinant DNA  Transgenic - a gene is moved from one non-closely related species to another  Cisgenic/intragenic - a gene is moved within the same species or a closely related species.  Subgenic - a gene is edited to amplify, delete, insert, silence or repress the gene. CRISPR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pp17E4E-O8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pp17E4E-O8 RNAi - RNAi - is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vh3-NHdjnyQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vh3-NHdjnyQ

19. What is a GMO?

21. or

22. What is a GMO? http://www.scotsman.com/news/professor- anthony-trewavas-i-yam-convinced-gm-food- is-safe-1-3958842

23. What is a GMO?

27. What is a GMO? What is the difference between genetically modified organisms and genetically engineered organisms? Conventional breeding/hybrids (cross between two non-clonal plants) Mutation breeding TransgenicsCisgenics Examples in common foods Almost everythingSome bananas, pears, apples, rice, yams, mint, others Much corn, cotton,soy, canola, papaya Coming soon Number of genes affected -10K300k, depending on species No way to assess-13,few more in stacked products -13, usually 1

28. What is a GMO? Where are they grown? http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/49/infographic/pdf/B49-MapInfographic-English.pdf

29. GE Crops that have been commercialized in US What crops have a GMO trait? What do the traits do and what is the benefit of these traits?

30. GE Crops that have been approved but not commercialized in US Arctic Apple Innate Potato

31. Rennet is a complex of enzymes produced in stomachs of ruminant mammals which is used in the production of most cheeses. Chymosin, its key component, is a protease enzyme that curdles the casein in milk, helping young mammals digest their mothers' milk.

32. http://www.iflscience.com/technology/gm-yeast-could- boost-health-benefits-wine-and-reduce-hangovers http://www.wineanorak.com/GM_yeasts.htm Increased anti-oxidant resveratrol Decreased wine spoilage Decreased biogenic amines tart-tasting malic acid, naturally present in grape must, is converted to softer-tasting lactic acid.

33. What is a GMO? What crops have a GMO trait? What do the traits do and what is the benefit of these traits?

34. What is a GMO? GE Crop Traits All genetically engineered crops are not created equal - Raoul Adamchak  Herbicide tolerance - crop can withstand herbicide applications  Insect tolerance - plant produces toxin to kill pest  Improved nutrition – plant produces a substance of nutritive value or is changed to not produce an antinutrient  Disease resistant – crop is resistant to certain disease  Stress Tolerance – crop is tolerant of stress, low nutrient levels or excess nutrients  Increased Storage – crop can be stored longer to avoid spoilage losses  Medicinal uses – crops that produce medicines or vaccines  Industrial uses – crops to make more efficient industries  Toxin removal - removal or silencing of genes responsible for toxins in plants  Improved Metabolism – change in metabolism to improve efficiency

35. Herbicide Resistance X Farmers Consumers Environment Needy GE Crop Traits Decreased tillage  Less soil erosion  CO2 sequestration  Increase soil organic matter  Reduced trips through the field  Less fuel use X

36. Herbicide Resistance GE Crop Traits Concerns  Weed resistance  Gene flow to closely related species  Increased herbicide usage  Roundup/2,4-D toxicity

37. Herbicide Resistance GE Crop Traits Concerns  Weed resistance  Gene flow to closely related species  Increased herbicide usage  Roundup/2,4-D toxicity

38. Herbicide Resistance GE Crop Traits Concerns  Weed resistance  Gene flow to closely related species  Increased herbicide usage  Roundup/2,4-D toxicity

39. Herbicide Resistance GE Crop Traits Concerns  Weed resistance  Gene flow to closely related species  Increased herbicide usage  Roundup/2,4-D toxicity http://pubs.aic.ca/doi/pdf/10.4141/cjps2013-129 Does resistance confer competitive advantage in the wild?

40. Herbicide Resistance GE Crop Traits Concerns  Weed resistance  Gene flow to closely related species  Increased herbicide usage  Roundup/2,4-D toxicity

41. Herbicide Resistance GE Crop Traits Concerns  Weed resistance  Gene flow to closely related species  Increased herbicide usage  Roundup/2,4-D toxicity http://www.gmo-safety.eu/basic-info/359.seed-sterility.html

42. Herbicide Resistance GE Crop Traits Concerns  Weed resistance  Gene flow to closely related species  Increased herbicide usage  Roundup/2,4-D toxicity 1. Skyrocketing herbicide use Despite assurances to Congress and regulators over the last two decades that crops modified to be herbicide resistant would lead to less chemical usage, a peer-reviewed paper published last summer showed that the three major GMO crops in the U.S. – corn, soybeans, and cotton – have increased overall herbicide use by more than 527 million pounds between 1996 – 2011, compared to what it likely would have been in the absence of GMO crops. http://www.justlabelit.org/right-to-know-center/why- labeling-makes-sense/http://www.justlabelit.org/right-to-know-center/why- labeling-makes-sense/

43. Herbicide Resistance GE Crop Traits Concerns  Weed resistance  Gene flow to closely related species  Increased herbicide usage  Roundup/2,4-D toxicity Herbicide use on corn, soybeans and cotton — break it down per acre and it's not so dramatic. NPR using USDA data - http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/01/24/265687251/soil-weedkillers- and-gmos-when-numbers-don-t-tell-the-whole-story http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/01/24/265687251/soil-weedkillers- and-gmos-when-numbers-don-t-tell-the-whole-story

44. Herbicide Resistance GE Crop Traits Concerns  Weed resistance  Gene flow to closely related species  Increased herbicide usage  Roundup/2,4-D toxicity Herbicide use on corn, soybeans and cotton. NPR using USDA data - http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/01/24/265687251/soil-weedkillers-and- gmos-when-numbers-don-t-tell-the-whole-storyhttp://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/01/24/265687251/soil-weedkillers-and- gmos-when-numbers-don-t-tell-the-whole-story

45. Herbicide Resistance GE Crop Traits Concerns  Weed resistance  Gene flow to closely related species  Increased herbicide usage  Roundup/2,4-D toxicity

46. Herbicide Resistance GE Crop Traits Concerns  Weed resistance  Gene flow to closely related species  Increased herbicide usage  Roundup/2,4-D toxicity http://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2015/03/23/glyphosate-carcinogenic-independent-global-scientists-weigh-in/ World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer announced findings that glyphosate, the main ingredient in Monsanto’s RoundUp line of pesticides, is “probably carcinogenic to humans.” Known carcinogens - Sunshine, ethanol in alcoholic beverages, acrylamide etc. Probable carcinogens - night shifts, wood smoke, glyphosate

47. Herbicide Resistance GE Crop Traits Concerns  Weed resistance  Gene flow to closely related species  Increased herbicide usage  Roundup/2,4-D toxicity German Risk Agency “In conclusion of this re-evaluation process of the active substance glyphosate by BfR the available data do not show carcinogenic or mutagenic properties of glyphosate nor that glyphosate is toxic to fertility, reproduction or embryonal/fetal development in laboratory animals. Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority “ The APVMA currently has no data before it suggesting that glyphosate products registered in Australia and used according to label instructions present any unacceptable risks to human health, the environment and trade …” “The weight and strength of evidence shows that glyphosate is not genotoxic, carcinogenic or neurotoxic. “ World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety “Animal studies show that glyphosate is not carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic.” European Food Safety Authority “glyphosate is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic hazard to humans.” The U.S. EPA classified glyphosate as Group E, evidence of non-carcinogenicity in humans. The U.S. EPA does not consider glyphosate to be a human carcinogen based on studies of laboratory animals that did not produce compelling evidence of carcinogenicity.

48. Herbicide Resistance GE Crop Traits Concerns  Weed resistance  Gene flow to closely related species  Increased herbicide usage  Roundup/2,4-D toxicity Agent orange was a mixture of herbicides containing 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. The 2,4,5-T was contaminated with dioxin, not the 2,4-D Agent orange was a mixture of herbicides containing 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. The 2,4,5-T was contaminated with dioxin, not the 2,4-D.

49. Herbicide Resistance GE Crop Traits Concerns  Weed resistance  Gene flow to closely related species  Increased herbicide usage  Roundup/2,4-D toxicity  Reduction in herbicide discovery Pest Management Science Volume 68, Issue 4, pages 505-512, 22 DEC 2011 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2333 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.2333/full#fig1 Volume 68, Issue 4, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.2333/full#fig1 http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/1424185/eib124.pdf

50. Insect Resistance GE Crop Traits Decreased Insecticide Applications X Farmers Consumers Environment Needy X X

51. Insect Resistance GE Crop Traits Decreased Insecticide Applications U.S. Insecticide use in Corn (M lbs) of active ingredient) USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service X Farmers Consumers Environment Needy X X

52. Insect Resistance GE Crop Traits Decreased Insecticide Applications X Farmers Consumers Environment Needy X X

53. Insect Resistance GE Crop Traits Advantages Decrease in broad-spectrum insecticide use on corn and cotton Lower fuel and labor costs for farmers Solid dividends in the developing world No effect on beneficials Limitations Need to plant refugia to slow resistance Pockets of resistance are seen and require use of insecticides Still requires careful scouting for secondary insects

54. Insect Resistance Secondary pests GE Crop Traits