1. The Byzantine Empire & The Crusades SS.A.2.4.6; SS.A.2.4.5; SS.D.2.4.6

2. Emperor Justinian When western Roman Empire collapses, and replaced by Germanic states, the eastern Roman Empire continues to exist When western Roman Empire collapses, and replaced by Germanic states, the eastern Roman Empire continues to exist Centered around Constantinople, later renamed Byzantine Empire Centered around Constantinople, later renamed Byzantine Empire 527: Justinian becomes Emperor, wanted to reestablish Roman Empire in Mediterranean 527: Justinian becomes Emperor, wanted to reestablish Roman Empire in Mediterranean 552: Roman Empire almost back to old boarders 552: Roman Empire almost back to old boarders Empire shrinks after Justinian’s death Empire shrinks after Justinian’s death

3. Justinian’s Contributions Eastern empire inherits complex legal system Eastern empire inherits complex legal system Justinian set out to simplify the laws Justinian set out to simplify the laws The Body of Civil Law: The results of Justinian’s efforts, became basis for Byzantine law to 1453 The Body of Civil Law: The results of Justinian’s efforts, became basis for Byzantine law to 1453 Justinian’s code also influenced western law Justinian’s code also influenced western law

4. Eastern Roman Problems After Justinian, empire is left with problems: After Justinian, empire is left with problems: Too much land to defend Too much land to defend Empty treasuries Empty treasuries Decline in population due to plague Decline in population due to plague Threats on its boarders Threats on its boarders Muslim Arabs sweep through empire, taking more than half its territory Muslim Arabs sweep through empire, taking more than half its territory ERE defeated at Yarmuk in 636, ceding control of Syria and Palestine to Arab control ERE defeated at Yarmuk in 636, ceding control of Syria and Palestine to Arab control 679: Defeated by Bulgarians in the north, losing control of Danube River Valley 679: Defeated by Bulgarians in the north, losing control of Danube River Valley

5. From Roman To Byzantine Empire shrunk to include just Balkans and A.M. Empire shrunk to include just Balkans and A.M. Greek replaces Latin as official language Greek replaces Latin as official language Emperor viewed as chosen by God, and his power was absolute Emperor viewed as chosen by God, and his power was absolute Emperor appointed the leaders of the Eastern church known as a patriarch Emperor appointed the leaders of the Eastern church known as a patriarch The emperor was the leader of both church and state, protecting the true Christian faith The emperor was the leader of both church and state, protecting the true Christian faith

6. Constantinople Europe’s greatest city until 1100s Europe’s greatest city until 1100s City grew rich facilitating trade b/w east & west City grew rich facilitating trade b/w east & west Justinian’s buildings dominate landscape Justinian’s buildings dominate landscape Hippodrome=arena for races and gladiators Hippodrome=arena for races and gladiators Hagia Sophia: main church built in 537 Hagia Sophia: main church built in 537 The Hagia Sophia—Church of the Holy Wisdom—is the most famous Byzantine building, today known as the Blue Mosque The Hagia Sophia—Church of the Holy Wisdom—is the most famous Byzantine building, today known as the Blue Mosque

7. New Success, New Troubles Macedonian emperors bring new prosperity Macedonian emperors bring new prosperity Rule from 867 to 1081, expand empire Rule from 867 to 1081, expand empire Early success undone by political infighting Early success undone by political infighting Macedonians do not accept pope’s claim to be sole head of Christian faith Macedonians do not accept pope’s claim to be sole head of Christian faith 1054 Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Cerularius excommunicate each other—causes schism 1054 Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Cerularius excommunicate each other—causes schism Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantines at Manzikert Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantines at Manzikert

8. Call To Holy War Emperor Alexius I of Byzantium asks the pope for help against the Seljuk Turks (Muslims) Emperor Alexius I of Byzantium asks the pope for help against the Seljuk Turks (Muslims) Pope Urban II responds, calling for European, Christian warriors to liberate Jerusalem from the infidels, this fight was called the Crusades Pope Urban II responds, calling for European, Christian warriors to liberate Jerusalem from the infidels, this fight was called the Crusades Western Europeans, mostly French, answer call Western Europeans, mostly French, answer call Causes for fighting: religion, trade, land, title, money and adventure Causes for fighting: religion, trade, land, title, money and adventure

9. The Early Crusades Mostly French army of over 10,000 capture Antioch (1098) and Jerusalem (1099) Mostly French army of over 10,000 capture Antioch (1098) and Jerusalem (1099) European victories marked by brutal massacres of the cities’ inhabitants (Jewish, Christian and Muslim) European victories marked by brutal massacres of the cities’ inhabitants (Jewish, Christian and Muslim) Four Crusader states established in Holy Land Four Crusader states established in Holy Land Italian ports grow rich from trade with Crusaders Italian ports grow rich from trade with Crusaders Muslims begin taking back land, Bernard of Clairvaux calls for 2 nd Crusade (failure) Muslims begin taking back land, Bernard of Clairvaux calls for 2 nd Crusade (failure) Saladin retakes Jerusalem in 1187 Saladin retakes Jerusalem in 1187 3 rd Crusade included Richard I of England, Philip II of France and Frederick Barbarossa 3 rd Crusade included Richard I of England, Philip II of France and Frederick Barbarossa Frederick drowns, Philip goes home, leaving Richard to negotiate with Saladin allowing Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem Frederick drowns, Philip goes home, leaving Richard to negotiate with Saladin allowing Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem

10. The Later Crusades Saladin dies in 1193, Pope Innocent III calls for Fourth Crusade in 1196 Saladin dies in 1193, Pope Innocent III calls for Fourth Crusade in 1196 On way to holy land, Crusades stops in Constantinople, crusaders sack the city in 1204 On way to holy land, Crusades stops in Constantinople, crusaders sack the city in 1204 Byzantine army recaptures city in 1061, empire is weak, remains that way unyil 1453 (Ottoman conq.) Byzantine army recaptures city in 1061, empire is weak, remains that way unyil 1453 (Ottoman conq.) 1212: Children’s Crusade 1212: Children’s Crusade Future Crusades also failures Future Crusades also failures

11. Effects of the Crusades Italy grows rich though trade with Crusaders Italy grows rich though trade with Crusaders Genoa, Pisa and Venice Genoa, Pisa and Venice Jews also targeted across Europe as infidels Jews also targeted across Europe as infidels Noblemen sell their land and free serfs before leaving to fight, as lords lose power, kings take more power creating centralized states Noblemen sell their land and free serfs before leaving to fight, as lords lose power, kings take more power creating centralized states Increased trade with the East provides more money for kings Increased trade with the East provides more money for kings 1400: Portugal, Spain, England & France emerge as strong, centralized kingdoms—flourish 1400: Portugal, Spain, England & France emerge as strong, centralized kingdoms—flourish