1. GEOGRAPHY FINAL REVIEW: UNITS 1 THROUGH 4

2. UNIT 1: BASICS  Geography: the study of land features and people on planet Earth  Physical Geography: Physical features such as rivers, mountains, etc.  Cultural Geography: Religion, Traditions, Housing, Location (how we as people interact with the land as traditions are passed down)  Absolute Location: Exact place on planet, uses Longitude & Latitude  Relative Location: What we use daily, uses landmarks  Movement: How we move things and ideas  Region: Characteristics that are similar in two different places  H.E.I.: How we interact with our environment  Location: Where is it?  Place: What is it like?

3. UNIT 1: BASICS  Elements of a Map  Origin  Title  Author  Source  Date  Grid  Index  Legend  Scale  Land Features: Mountain, Plateau, Range, Island, Peninsula, Valley, Plain  Water Features: River, Ocean, Bay, Strait, Channel, Canal, Sea, Gulf

4. UNIT 2-Southwest Asia & North Africa  Climate  Desert: Hot and dry most of the year, little rainfall  Semiarid: Transition zone around desert. Little rain and vegetation  Mediterranean: Cooler winter temperatures and dry summers  Population Distribution: People are more concentrated in cities and near rivers  Oil: Has made the countries of the region lots of money. Improved Standard of Living  Water: Scarce resource, more valuable than oil. People fight over it and disputes have occurred

5. UNIT 2: SWA & NA  Judaism: Oldest religion of the area.  Christianity: Belief in Jesus Christ  Islam: That Mohammad is the last prophet of Allah  Zionism: The belief that Jews should get their own homeland in Israel  Kurds: Small ethnic group in Syria and Jordan (they want their own country)  Arab: Largest ethnic group of SWA & NA  Persians: Primary ethnic group of Iran

6. Unit 3: Sub-Saharan Africa  Climate  Sahara  Sahel  Rainforest  Savana  Population: Similar to SWA, people live in their own communities, cities, or near water sources  Resources: Too many to list (gold, copper, oil, diamonds, etc.)  Bantu: People from Cameroon several thousand years ago. Largest migration in history. Influenced ethnic groups of Africa  Zulu: Direct descendants of Bantu. Fought a lot with European colonists  Colonialism: Europeans went it to harvest resources. Clashed with Africans (some good, but mostly bad)

7. Unit 3: Sub-Saharan Africa  Drought: Deserts in North Africa cause massive periods of drought at times  Deforestation: When people chop down trees and do not allow them to grow back (harms the land and people)  Desertification: Process of arable land becoming desert (caused by deforestation mostly)  Swahili: Ethnic Group on the eastern coast of Africa (Arab influence)  San: Bushmen of central- south Africa (descendant of Zulu)  Masai: eastern ethnic group of Africa, red robes and bead work

8. Unit 4: Asia  Climate  Diverse. Best way to describe it is tropic wet and dry in many regions. Exceptions are desert in North & West China as well as Pakistan.  Population  Most people live on the coast/near rivers  Chinese people live in the east, west is too rocky  Japan people live on coast, interior too rocky  Monsoons: Seasonal rains. Floods mostly South Asia. Brings necessary water  Cyclone: Violent windstorms in Southeast Asia (consider a water tornado)  China’s Population: One of two most populated areas. Has caused resource depletion and pollution. Instilled One Child Policy (until this year)  India’s Population: Most people live in cities. Others live in the more traditional north areas.  Japan Population: As said over there , people live on coast because of mountains

9. Unit 4: Asia  Pacific Rim: Countries that border Pacific Ocean. On tectonic plates. Do a lot of trade with each other  Kashmir: Fertile area of land in Northwest India. Pakistan and India fight over it  India & Pakistan: Britain owned the area until the 1940s. When they split the country into Hindu and Muslim areas, they made East & West Pakistan as well as India  Outsourcing: Because of massive population and poor currency, people send factory jobs there to be done cheaper  Hmong: Southeast ethnic group. Not very good at assimilating. Rigid customs  Han: Largest ethnic group in the world. 99% of China  Indo-Aryan: AKA Indian. Population of India with tradition in Hindu

10. Saudi Arabia ISRAEL  IRANIRAQ YEMEN  KUWAIT TURKEY

11. RED SEA EUPHRATES   TIGRIS RUB AL-KHALI ARABIAN SEA MEDITERRANEAN

12. EGYPT CONGO SOUTH AFRICA NIGERIA KENYA SUDAN S. SUDAN ETHOPIA  SOMALIA ANGOLA 

13.  NILE MOZAMBIQUE SAHARA SAHEL VICTORIA NIGER  MOZAMBIQUE  GIBRALTAR

14. VIETNAM INDONESIA S. CHINA SEA

15. CHINA MONGOLIA JAPAN INDIA HIMALAYS HUANG HE RIVER YANGTZE RIVER GANGES  GOBI DESERT BAY OF BENGAL

16. GEOGRAPHY FINAL REVIEW: UNITS 5-8

17. UNIT 5: EUROPE  Climate  Warm in the Southern parts  Colder in the North  Transportation: Because of the river system in Europe, a lot of shipping happens. Trains can pass easily through borders too.  East vs West  East Europe: Under the Communist Bloc for 50 years. Not as developed as the west  West Europe: Free Markets and no USSR allowed the west European countries to flourish

18. UNIT 5: EUROPE  European Union  Shengen: Free passage between all EU countries  Euro: Currency for the EU. Has replaced most native currency  Not everyone is a member of the EU  Population Distribution  Most people live in West Europe  Good majority live along the coasts, specifically Mediterranean Sea  Places like Iceland and Scandinavia too cold for bustling cities  Pollution  Chernobyl: Worst nuclear accident in history. Power Plant exploded. Irradiated land in Ukraine (affected people all the way in the USA)  Acid Rain: Coal deposits in the atmosphere cause acidic rain, damages plants and ancient structures  Danube River: Poisoned with cyanide from mines. Killed thousands of fish

19. UNIT 6: LATIN AMERICA  Population: Most choose to live in cities. Rainforest and Andes make it hard to live in those regions.  Drug Trade: Has lead to an increase in violence in the region as well as corruption and political issues  Natural Disasters:  El Nino: Warm weather current from Pacific Ocean. Throws off all climate in L.A.  Hurricanes: Storms from Africa that cause high winds and rain  Earthquake: Shifting tectonic plates that hurt coastal cities and island

20. UNIT 6: LATIN AMERICA  Rainforest: Amazon hosts a lot of trees. Been affected by loggers and ranchers.  Also has a good amount of resources. It is in danger to say the least  Brazil: Has had a cycle of boom and bust economy. Problems with poverty and corruption  Political Instability: If a country is instable, its economy is also probably unstable.  Quechua: Ethnic group related to the Incas. Live in the Andes Mountains  Zapotec: Ethnic Group related to the Aztec. Live in Mexico

21. UNIT 7: US & CANADA  Urban Sprawl  Cities that are mapped close to one another  Impacts environment often  Mostly in US & Canada  Megalopolis  Two cities close to each other as one big region (Think the 5 Boroughs of NYC)  Urban Core  Main center of a major city  Regions of the US  Midwest  West  South  Northeast  Migration  Political instability push people out of countries  Good education pull them to the US  Loss of American jobs and government assistance

22. UNIT 8: OCEANIA  Ethnic Groups  Aborigines: Natives of Australia for 40,000 years  Maori: Natives of New Zealand  Samoan: Natives of Samoa  Papua New Guinea: Most diverse area of Oceania  Regions of Oceania  Polynesia  Micronesia  Melanesia

23. GERMANY SPAIN U.K. UKRAINE ITALY POLAND PORTUGAL GREECE SWEDEN ICELAND RUSSIA

24. URAL MTS NORTH EUROPEAN PLAIN ALPS RHINE  DANUBE PYRENEES E. CHANNEL NORWEGIAN SEA

25. BRAZIL COLOMBIA ARGENTINA CHILE  GUATEMALA 

26. CARIBBEAN ANDES PAMPAS  AMAZON RIVER PACIFIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN

27. MEXICO UNITED STATES CANADA APPALACHIAN ROCKIES MISSISSIPPI  GULF OF MEXICO