1. Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Sixth Edition by Frederick J. Gravetter and Larry B. Wallnau Copyright © 2004 by Wadsworth Publishing, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Figure 1-1 (p. 6) The relationship between a population and a sample.

2. Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Sixth Edition by Frederick J. Gravetter and Larry B. Wallnau Copyright © 2004 by Wadsworth Publishing, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Figure 1-2 (p. 8) A demonstration of sampling error. Three samples are selected from the same population. Notice that the sample statistics are different from one sample to another, and all of the sample statistics are different from the corresponding population parameters. The natural differences that exist, by chance, between a sample statistic and a population parameter are called sampling error.

3. Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Sixth Edition by Frederick J. Gravetter and Larry B. Wallnau Copyright © 2004 by Wadsworth Publishing, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Figure 1-3 (p. 9) The role of statistics in experimental research.

4. Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Sixth Edition by Frederick J. Gravetter and Larry B. Wallnau Copyright © 2004 by Wadsworth Publishing, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Table 1-1 (p. 12) Hypothetical data showing results from a correlational study evaluating the relationship between exposure to TV violence and aggressive behavior for a sample of 10 children. Note that we have measured two different variables, obtaining two different scores, for each child. The data show a tendency for higher levels of TV violence to be associated with higher levels of aggressive behavior.

5. Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Sixth Edition by Frederick J. Gravetter and Larry B. Wallnau Copyright © 2004 by Wadsworth Publishing, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Figure 1-4 (p. 13) The structure of an experiment. Volunteers are randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions: a 70° room or a 90° room. A list of words is presented and the participants are tested by writing down as many words as they can remember from the list. A difference between groups is attributed to the treatment (the temperature of the room).

6. Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Sixth Edition by Frederick J. Gravetter and Larry B. Wallnau Copyright © 2004 by Wadsworth Publishing, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Figure 1-5 (p. 15) In this experiment, the effect of instructional method (the independent variable) on test performance (the dependent variable) is examined. However, any difference between groups is performance cannot be attributed to the method of instruction. In this experiment, there is a confounding variable. The instructor teaching the course varies with the independent variable,so that the treatment of the groups differs in more ways than one (instructional method and instructor vary).

7. Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Sixth Edition by Frederick J. Gravetter and Larry B. Wallnau Copyright © 2004 by Wadsworth Publishing, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Figure 1-6 (p. 16) Two examples of nonexperimental studies that involve comparing two groups of scores. In (a), a participant variable (gender) is used to create groups, and then the dependent variable (verbal score) is measured in each group. In (b), time is the variable used to define the two groups, and the dependent variable (depression) is measured at each of the two times.

8. Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Sixth Edition by Frederick J. Gravetter and Larry B. Wallnau Copyright © 2004 by Wadsworth Publishing, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Figure 1-7 (p. 19) When measuring weight to the nearest whole pound, 149.6 and 150.3 are assigned the value of 150 (top). Any value in the interval between 149.5 and 150.5 is given the value of 150.