1. Plants as Living Organisms Unit 3

2. Plant Kingdom Thousands of plant species 4 major groups of plants –Mosses –Ferns –Gymnosperms – “naked seed” –Angiosperms

3. Gymnosperms Naked Seed Produce seeds that lay naked on the scales of cones Examples: –Pine –Spruce –Fir –Redwood

4. Angiosperms Seed enclosed in a vessel Flowering Plants All major crops are flowering plants 2 classes of flowering plants –Monocots - Long, narrow blades w/ parallel veins Flower parts in multiples of 3 Contain 1 cotyledon –Dicots - Broad to narrow leaves w/ netted veins Flower parts in multiples of 4-5 2 Cotyledons

5. Plant Life Cycles The time from when a plant begins growth until the time it dies Annuals Biennials Perennials

6. Annuals Compete life cycle w/in 1 year Many crops are annuals

7. Biennials Require 2 growing seasons to produce Germinate and grow leaves and roots during 1 st season Flower and produce fruit in 2 nd season

8. Perennials Plants w/ more than 2 years in a life cycle May produce seeds for many years Dormant in winter months Herbaceous – shoots die in frost, but roots and crown stay alive Woody – shoots survive winter Hardy – plants that tolerate cold temps.

9. Plant Structures and Functions Roots –Absorb H2O & minerals –Anchor plant –Store food –Majority in top 2 feet of soil –Root hairs: increase surface area –Primary root: single, main root –Secondary roots: branches off primary –Root cap: Protect root as it grows in soil

10. Roots (cont’) Tap root: Thick main root grows straight down –Tolerate dry periods – deep in soil Fibrous Root: numerous slender roots –Located near soil surface – less tolerant

11. Stems Hold leaves in position Conduct water & minerals & food Store food & water Produce new living stem tissues Xylem: transport minerals and water from roots to leaves Phloem: transport manufactured food from leaves to plant

12. Stems (cont’) Buds: contain under-developed parts Bud scales: Cover and protect parts Terminal Bud: Large bud at top of plant –Contains apical meristem – primary growing point Lateral Buds: found at attachment of leaves –Apical dominance: prevent lateral buds from developing

13. Leaves Responsible for food production (Photosynthesis) Epidermis – protective layer of cells Cuticle – protects against water loss Stomata – exchange of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Water Transpiration: movement of water vapor through stomata

14. Types of Leaves Broadleaf plants – wide, flat leaves –Leaf Blade: large part of leaf, provides surface area for solar NRG –Petiole: Leaf stalk –Simple Leaves: Single leaf blade and petiole –Compound leaves: 1 petiole and 2+ blades (leaflets)

15. Types of Leaves Narrowleaf plants: needle shape leaves Deciduous: Woody perennial loses leaves in fall Evergreen: Keep leaves

16. Flowers Reproductive organs Produce seeds Complete Flower: 4 parts –Sepals: Protect flower b4 opening –Petals: appear leaf like are often colorful –Stamens: Male reproductive parts –Filament: stalk –Anther: produces & holds pollen

17. Complete Flowers Pistil: Female reprod. Part Stigma: Sticky surface to catch pollen Style: Neck of pistil Ovary: Contains ovules to produce eggs and develop seeds Incomplete Flower: missing 1+ parts