1. Pop Quiz! 5. Gametophytes are a. haploid plants that produce spores.
4. Which of the following statements concerning fertilization in ferns is true?
a. It occurs within the female structure.
b. It requires water.
c. The fertilization product is a seed.
d. It occurs within the female structure; and It requires water.
e. It occurs within the female structure; It requires water; and the fertilization product is a seed.
5. Gametophytes are
a. haploid plants that produce spores.
b. diploid plants that produce spores.
c. haploid plants that produce gametes.
d. diploid plants that produce gametes.
e. diploid or haploid plants that produce gametes.

2. Pop Quiz! 6. Alternation of generations refers to the
a. expression of recessive traits.
b. presence of a diploid and a haploid generation in the life cycle of plants.
c. presence of the different sexes in two different plants.
d. occurrence of a sexually reproducing diploid stage followed by an asexually reproducing haploid stage during the life cycle of higher plants.

3. Reproduction Part 2 (lecture 16) (Gymnosperms & Angiosperms)
PLANTS!
Reproduction Part 2 (lecture 16)
(Gymnosperms & Angiosperms)

4. First Seed Plants Gymnosperm: conifers vascular heterospory seeds
male vs. female gametophytes
seeds
naked seeds (no fruit)
pollen
contain male gametophyte
life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage
coniferous trees you are familiar with are diploid
reduced (microscopic) gametophyte
reduction of gametophyte protects delicate egg & embryo in protective sporophyte
protected from drought & UV radiation

5. Ragweed pollen…oh my itchy eyes!
Pollen eliminated the water requirement for fertilization
spread through wind & animal
Ragweed pollen…oh my itchy eyes!

6. male female sporangium & pollen male (pollen) cones female cones
pine embryo

7. Gymnosperm Life Cycle

8. First Flowering Plants
Angiosperm: flowering plants
vascular
heterospory
male vs. female gametophytes
flower
specialized structure for sexual reproduction
seeds within fruit
pollen
life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage
trees & bushes you are familiar with are diploid
reduced (microscopic) gametophyte

9. Flower Modified shoot, modified leaves Male Female sepals petals
Stamens
Filament
& anther
Female
Carpel
Stigma,
style, &
ovary
Anther
Filament
Stamen
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Carpel
Sepal
Petal
Ovule
sepals
petals
stamens
carpel

10. Flowering Plant Pollination
Pollination – transfer of pollen from the anther to a stigma
If pollination occurs, a pollen tube forms
The pollen tube transfers sperm to the ovule which will result in a zygote (new plant) and a 3n (triploid) nucleus that will form endosperm
Endosperm is the nutrient storing tissue in a seed

11. Seed & Plant Embryo Seed offers… protection for embryo
seed coat
endosperm
(3n)
Seed offers…
protection for embryo
stored nutrients for growth of embryo
cotyledons
embryo (2n)
cotyledons = “seed” leaves,
first leaves of new plant

12. Double Fertilization Remember: 3 Features of the Angiosperm Cycle
Flowers, Fruits, & Double Fertilization
The Process:
Pollination (pollen grain lands on stigma)
Tube Nucleus (pollen tube produced down the style)
Generative Nucleus (2 sperm form by mitosis)
Enters ovary through micropyle
1 sperm fertilizes haploid egg to form zygote; other sperm combines with 2 polar nuclei to form 3n endosperm (food-storing tissue)

13. Angiosperm Life Cycle double fertilization polar nuclei pollen grains
male gametophyte = pollen grain (haploid)
dehiscence
egg
cell
ovary sac
sperm nuclei travel down pollen tube
3n endosperm
female gametophyte = ovary sac (haploid)
2n zygote
double fertilization
2n embryo
new sporophyte in seed (diploid)

14. Monocots & Dicots Angiosperm are divided into 2 classes
dicots (eudicot)
2 cotyledons (seed leaves)
leaves with network of veins
woody plants, trees, shrubs, beans
monocots
1 cotyledon
leaves with parallel veins
grasses, palms, lilies

16. Pop Quiz! 1. The heterosporous condition led to evolution of
a. gymnosperms and angiosperms.
b. pollen grains and seeds.
c. male and female plant parts.
d. pollen grains and seeds in male and female plant parts.
e. gymnosperms and angiosperms which bear pollen grains and seeds in male and female plant parts.

17. Pop Quiz! 2. Which of the following produces no seeds? a.Cycads
b.Conifers
c.Horsetails
d.Ginkgos
e.Tomato
3. Microspores mature into
a.ovules.
b.seeds.
c.pollen grains.
d.anthers.

18. Pop Quiz!
4. Gymnosperms
a. were the first plants not to have swimming sperm and were therefore freed from the need for water to reproduce.
b. are divided into two groups, the monocots and dicots.
c. were the first plants to develop vascular tissues.
d. were the first plants to develop flowers to attract insects.

19. Pop Quiz!
5. Which of the following statements about pine cones is correct?
a. Cones are exclusively female structures.
b. Cones are the result of pollination.
c. One type of cone produces microspores.
d. Seeds are enclosed in cones.
e. One type of cone produces microspores; and seeds are enclosed in cones.