1. Superconductivity. Work on Worksheets. Superconductivity Lecture
Superconductivity * Work on Worksheets * Superconductivity Lecture * Video “Race for Absolute Zero” Some material from Dr. Tim Lynch Funded by: HTS State Outreach Centers: DE-PS36-03GO

2. Connection with what you know.
Three types of bonds:
Covalent
Ionic
Metallic  You remember
Name: Voltage = current X resistance
Ohm’s Law
Where does the resistance energy
Resistance lost as heat

3. Superconductivity is an exciting field of physics
Superconductivity is an exciting field of physics! (Picture below is the levitation of a magnet above a cooled superconductor, the Meissner Effect, )
Source: University of Oslo, Superconductivity Lab

4. Definition and Research Aim
Superconductivity is
the flow of electric current without resistance
in certain metals, alloys, and ceramics
at temperatures near absolute zero,
Research Aim: Get to temperatures hundreds of degrees above absolute zero = -273ºK. (at least to liquid nitrogen temperatures)
Net: Keep it cold and resistance is zero.

5. Comparisons of Temperatures
                                                                                             

6. The Discovery
Discovery by Onnes … zero resistance on a Hg wire at 4.2 K in 1911.

7. At 4.2K, the Electrical Resistance (opposition of a material to the flow of electrical current through it)Vanished, Meaning Extremely Good Conduction of Electricity-Superconductivity
Source: A Teacher's Guide to Superconductivity for High School Students

8. The Key of Superconductivity
Superconductors have the ability to conduct electricity without the loss of energy.
When current flows in an ordinary conductor, for example copper wire, some energy is lost.
As much as 50% lost
Cooling it down the resistance is lost

9. In Simpler Terms… Shaking the jungle gym Keeps children from moving
Quickly through the gym
Source: Oxford University

10. Cooper Pair: Two electrons that appear to "team up“
Despite the fact that electrons have a negative charge and normally repel each other.
Below the superconducting transition temperature, paired e- form a condensate - a macroscopically occupied single quantum state - which flows without resistance

11. In Simple Term Crowd makes it hard to move.
Imagine if a person lifts you up and you surf over the crowd

12. Animation of Cooper pairs:

13. The Advantage….
Generators wound with superconductors could generate the same amount of electricity with smaller equipment and less energy.
Once the electricity was generated, it could be distributed through superconducting wires.
Energy could be stored in superconducting coils for long periods of time without significant loss.

14. The key Scientific terms….
The superconducting state is defined by three very important factors: critical temperature (Tc), critical field (Hc), and critical current density (Jc). Each of these parameters is very dependant on the other two properties present
critical temperature (T ) The highest temperature at which superconductivity occurs in a material. Below this transition temperature T the resistivity of the material is equal to zero.
critical magnetic field (Hc ) Above this value of an externally applied magnetic field a superconductor becomes nonsuperconducting
critical current density (Jc) The maximum value of electrical current per unit of cross-sectional area that a superconductor can carry without resistance.

15. The Science Becoming Reality

16. Emerging Applications
power transmission
superconducting magnets in generators
energy storage devices
particle accelerators
levitated vehicle transportation
rotating machinery
magnetic separators
Swiss Collider uses
 superconductivity

17. What Types of Superconducting Power Systems Equipment Can Help Us?
Underground transmission cables
Fault current limiters
Transformers
Motors
Generators, etc.

18. Cable – transmits 3 to 5 times more energy than copper wire
Source: Southwire

19. Transformer- 2 times overload capacity without insulation damage and environmentally friendly due to lack of oil used in operation.
Source: Waukesha Electric Systems

20. HTS Motor – requires half the space of copper based motors
Source: Rockwell

21. SMES (Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage)
Source: American Superconductor

22. Economic Impact of Superconducting Equipment
Utilities
Higher density transmission uses & higher economic productivity
Reduced environmental impact
Industrial
More cost effective industrial processes:
Manufacturing & energy production
Electrical storage, transmission and expansion
Transportation
More cost effective electrical transportation:
High Speed Rail & MAGLEV technologies
Electric car / bus
Ships

23. Forecasted Market Penetration Curves
Source: Analysis of Markets and Future Prices for High Temperature Superconductors

24. This is why Search for Absolute Zero is key
Superconductivity is in your future