1. MMSTC1 Determining the Identity of an Unknown Metal by Calculating its Specific Heat and Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient Mohammed Kibria – Fitzgerald High School Junior Vang – Center Line High School

2. MMSTC2  Discovered by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  Nickel silvery-white lustrous metal  Unreactive with most chemicals and acids  Malleable and ductile  Very corrosion resistant metal Nickel Background

3. MMSTC3  One of three magnetic elements  Melting point: 2651 °F (1455 °C)  [Ar].3d8.4s2  Common uses:  Guitar strings, magnets, rechargeable batteries, computer hard drives  Alloys like stainless steel Nickel Background cont. http://periodictable.com/Samples/028.9/s9s.JPG

4. MMSTC4  Second most believed abundant element in the earth’s core  Extraction equation: 50°C 230°C Ni + 4CO → Ni(CO) 4 → Ni + 4CO. Nickel Background cont.

5. MMSTC5  Intensive property – property of a given substance independent of size of the sample  First Law of Thermodynamics – States that energy is neither created nor destroyed, rather is transferred  Kinetic Molecular Theory – States that atoms that are heated become excited, therefore have more kinetic energy Terms to Know

6. MMSTC6  Specific heat –  The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1°C/K  Measured in J/g-°C  Linear thermal expansion –  Expansion/contraction of metals when heated/cooled  Described by alpha coefficient (α)  Measured in mm°C -1 Terms to Know cont.

7. MMSTC7 To identify an unknown metal rod as nickel or not by finding its specific heat and linear thermal expansion coefficient. Problem Statement

8. MMSTC8 If the unknown metal rods’ specific heat and linear thermal expansion coefficient is within a 4% and 5% error of the values of nickel (respectively), then the unknown metal will be determined as nickel. Hypothesis

9. MMSTC9 LabQuest Thermometer probe Calorimeters Materials: Specific Heat

10. MMSTC10 Materials: Linear Thermal Expansion Dial Metal rod

11. MMSTC11 Procedure: Specific Heat

12. MMSTC12 Procedure: Linear Thermal Expansion

13. MMSTC13 Data Received  Specific heat averages:  0.442 J/g°C (known)  0.453 J/g°C (unknown)  Linear thermal expansion coefficient averages:  12.84 mm × 10 -6 /°C (known)  13.31 mm × 10 -6 /°C (unknown)

14. MMSTC14  Trials that resulted in a percent error of 10% or higher were redone  Trials with errors that researchers felt effected the results heavily were redone (i.e., dropping of rod, bumping jig, calorimeter falling over) Observations

15. MMSTC15 Percent Error  Specific heat averages:  1.71% (known)  3.03% (unknown)  Linear thermal expansion coefficient averages:  -1.239% (known)  2.3611% (unknown)

16. MMSTC16 Two sample t-test:  Analyzes data from two independent populations  Tells how likely the data sets come from the same population  All assumptions met ▪ SRS, n≥30  Alpha level of 0.10 was used Data Analysis

17. MMSTC17 Data Analysis cont.

18. MMSTC18 H 0 : µ 1 = µ 2 H a : µ 1 ≠ µ 2 Data Analysis cont.

19. MMSTC19 Data Analysis cont.

20. MMSTC20 Data Analysis cont. Results from the t-test on specific heat trials: H0: µ1 = µ2 Ha: µ1 ≠ µ2

21. MMSTC21 Data Analysis cont.

22. MMSTC22 Data Analysis cont.

23. MMSTC23 Data Analysis cont. Results from the t-test on specific heat trials: H0: µ1 = µ2 Ha: µ1 ≠ µ2

24. MMSTC24  The tests state that the specific heats of the rods may not be the same, yet the linear thermal expansion coefficients may be the same.  Using nickel’s magnetic property to determine the identity of the unknown rod  Nickel rod reacted with the magnet  Unknown rod did not react with the magnet Data Analysis cont.

25. MMSTC25 Conclusion

26. MMSTC26 Why?  Unknown rods were not identified as nickel using the calculated specific heat and linear thermal expansion coefficient  One t-test yielded results that suggested metals were not the same, but the other did not. Conclusion cont.

27. MMSTC27  Rods were assumed the same temperature of the boiling water when heated  Rods were assumed the same temperature as the room’s temperature when cooling  Jigs were made out of wood  Use of metal tongs  Calorimeters absorbing some energy Design Flaws

28. MMSTC28 Researchers:  Were given an unknown metal sample  Conducted two experiments to calculate two intensive properties  Used two-sample t-tests to statistically analyze the results from the experiment  Made an educated conclusion on the unknown rods’ identity based on results of analysis Recap

29. MMSTC29 Using magnets to finally determine, the metals were not the same  One was magnetic while the other was not Recap cont.

30. MMSTC30  Manufacturers can identify scrap metals  Entrepreneurs need ways to identify metal samples  Finding the most effective metal/metal alloy to design car parts, bridges, buildings, computers, and more Real World Application

31. MMSTC31 Acknoweldgements  Mr. Mark Supal  Mrs. Hilliard

32. MMSTC32 Bibliography Katya. "PriMetals." PriMetals. 2009. 24 Mar. 2013. "ELEMENT: NICKEL." ELEMENT: NICKEL. 24 Mar. 2013. Gagnon, Seteve. "The Element Nickel." It's Elemental -. 24 Mar. 2013. Bentor, Yinon. Chemical Element.com - Nickel. Mar. 24, 2013. "Nickel." Chemistry Reference. 24 Mar. 2013. Mond, L.; Langer, K.; Quincke, F. (1890). "Action of carbon monoxide on nickel". Journal of the Chemical Society 57: 749–753 John Trowbridge and Samuel Sheldon, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 24, 181-184 (1889) Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008). Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 729. Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements: III. Some eighteenth-century metals". Journal of Chemical Education 9: 22. "The Extraction of Nickel from its Ores by the Mond Process".Nature 59 (1516): 63. 1898.

33. MMSTC33 Bibliography "Specific Heat Experiment." Specific Heat Experiment. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2013.. "Tantalum Products." Tantalum Products. H Cross Company, n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2013.. "Thermal Expansion of the Elements." Thermal Expansion for All the Elements in the Periodic Table. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2013.. "Thermal Expansion - Linear." Thermal Expansion - Linear. The Engineering Toolbox, n.d. Web. 19 May 2013.. "What Are the Chemical Element Tantalum's Physical Properties?" Www.sciencedaily.com. About Science Daily, n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2013.. MMSTC33

34. MMSTC34 Questions?

35. MMSTC35

36. MMSTC36