1. A Century of Expansion

2. Expansion under Umayyad Rule The Umayyads fought for Islam in the east Muawiya Their leader, Muawiya, was also a soldier Had built up a devoted army of followers After fourth caliph was assassinated, Muawiya took control of the empire Moved the capital from Medina to Damascus Began the practice of appointing a son as the next caliph Umayyads ruled for 90 years

3. Westward Expansion Umayyads conquered, converted, and then joined forces with the Berbers Together, were able to conquer the Strait of Gibraltar Were able to drive out Catholic Visigoths from Spain Conquered almost the entire Spanish peninsula Also interested in the Franks across the Pyrenees mountains Were defeated by the Franks at the Battle of Tours Determined that Europe would be Christian and not Muslim

4. An Empire of Many Peoples The Umayyad Muslims were generally tolerant of Christians and Jews Christians and Jews had full religious freedom Able to build churches and synagogues Were not required to perform military service Required them to pay a tax called jizya Many Christians, Jews, and other non- Muslims held key government positions Everyone paid taxes on produce and Muslims were required to pay zakat, a charity tax

5. Umayyad Unity Abd al Malik declared Arabic to be the official language of the empire Enabled the Umayyads to bring the diverse cultures of their empire under control All government business and religious affairs were conducted in Arabic Abd al Malik was responsible for the first purely Muslim coins Contained no images but had quotations from the Qur’an inscribed on them Muslims built mosques throughout their empires so they could give thanks to Allah Would be built with whatever materials were available but all contained a minaret, a mihrab, and an ablution fountain

6. The Umayyad Downfall The Umayyads faced an economic shortage due to the decline in tax collections and the decrease in captured wealth Kingdom had also gained the reputation of being too worldly and not focused enough on the ideals of the prophet Muhammad A rival group, the Abbasids, started a successful rebellion against the Umayyad rulers An Abbasid general invide 80 Amayyad guests to a banquet and then killed them all while they were eating The Muslim state was now divided again between two ruling groups: the Umayyads and the Abbasids