1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers The Master Reader Updated Edition by D. J. Henry Advanced Argument: Persuasive Techniques Chapter 13

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Biased Arguments Biased information is based on two types of reasoning: –fallacies: an error in logical thought –propaganda: is an act of persuasion that systematically spreads biased information that is designed to support or oppose a person, product, cause, or organization Based on emotional appeal: the arousal of emotion to give meaning or power to an idea

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Irrelevant Arguments: Fallacies Personal Attack is the abusive remarks in place of evidence for a point or argument (ad hominem attacks) Straw Man is a weak argument substituted for a stronger one to make the argument easier to challenge

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Irrelevant Arguments: Fallacies Begging the Question restates the point of an argument as the support and conclusion (circular reasoning)

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Irrelevant Arguments: Propaganda Techniques Name-Calling uses negative labels for a product, idea, or cause. Testimonials use irrelevant personal opinions to support a product, idea, or cause. Bandwagon is an appeal that uses or suggests the irrelevant detail that “everyone is doing it.”

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Irrelevant Arguments: Propaganda Techniques Plain Folks is an appeal that uses irrelevant details to build trust based on commonly shared values.

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Inadequate Arguments: Fallacies Either-Or assumes that only two sides of an issue exist. False Comparison assumes that two things are similar when they are not. False Cause (post hoc) assumes that because events occurred around the same time, they have a cause-and- effect relationship.

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Inadequate Arguments: Propaganda Techniques Card Stacking omits factual details in order to misrepresent a product, idea, or cause. Transfer creates an association between a product, idea, or cause with a symbol or image that has positive or negative values. Glittering Generalities offer general positive statements that cannot be verified.

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers CHAPTER REVIEW Biased information is based on fallacies and propaganda. Irrelevant Arguments: Fallacies –Personal Attack –Straw Man –Begging the Question

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers CHAPTER REVIEW Irrelevant and Inadequate Arguments: Propaganda –Name-Calling –Testimonials –Bandwagon –Plain Folks –Either-Or –False Comparison –False Cause –Card Stacking –Transfer –Glittering Generalities

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Practice Complete the following: Chapter Review Applications Review Tests Mastery Tests Remember to complete your scorecard for the Review Tests in this chapter. For more practice, visit www.ablongman.com/henry. www.ablongman.com/henry