2. IMMUNITY

3.  The body’s ability to resist bacterial invasion and disease.  Two general types: 1. Natural 2. Acquired

4. NATURAL IMMUNITY Have this at birth – is inherited and permanent Includes: Unbroken skin Mucus and tears Blood phagocytes Local inflammation

5. NATURAL OR INBORN IMMUNITY  Species immuninity – certain diseases that affect animals do not affect humans and certain diseases that affect humand do not affect animal.  Animals do not get measles, scarlet fever, or influenza. We do not get distemper or hog cholera

6. NATURAL OR INBORN IMMUNITY  Population or Racial immunity – some groups of people have greater inborn immunity to certain diseases than others.  American blacks were more resistant to polio than whites.  Measles is a mild disease in Europe but can become fatal among people of the Pacific Islands.

7. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY  Develops after birth.  May be active or passive.

8. PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY  Immediate immunity  Borrowed: lasts a short time such as 3 to 5 weeks.  Acquired artificially by injecting antibodies from the blood or other animals into a person’s body to protect him from a specific disease  Tetanus or infectious hepatitis are examples

9. PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY  1. Blood with antibodies is taken from humans or animals who have had the infection recently.  2. Blood serum containing antibodies is separated from the blood, processed, and injected.  3. Antibodies either attack a current infection or provide short-term protection.

10. PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY (continued)  Baby has temporary passive immunity from the mother’s antibodies that pass through the placenta to the fetus’ blood. (protect the infant for about 6 months)  Mother’s milk also offers the baby some antibodies.

11. ACTIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY  Last longer than passive immunity – sometimes for life  It is a reaction as a result of exposure. Antibodies manufactured by infected person’s cells act on the infecting agent or its toxins. The host is actively involved in the production of antibodies Two types: natural and artificial

12. NATURAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY  Exposure to the causative agent is not deliberate.  Is a result of having had and recovered from a disease such as measles and chickenpox.  Will not get disease again because the body has manufactured antibodies that will recognize and attack

13. ARTIFICAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY  Exposure to the causative agent is deliberate  Comes from getting a vaccination or immunization.  Artificial measures are taken to cause a person’s tissues to manufacture antibodies

14. IMMUNIZATION OR VACCINATION  Weakened antigen is injected into a person to stimulate production of antibodies.  Can be made with live organisms, dead organisms, toxins produced by a disease organisms,and by genetic engineering.  Takes several weeks to produce an artificial acquired immunity.

15. ARTIFICIAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY  1.Vaccine with dead or harmless living forms of an organism is injected into a person.  2. Vaccine stimulates the immune system to memorize the organism and produce antibodies.  3. In any subsequent infection with this organism, the antibodies stop the infection.

16. HEPATITIS B VACCINE  Newest type of vaccines are produced by genetic engineering.  This technique alters the genetic material (DNA) of an organism by inserting the genes from another organism.  These organisms multiply and the large amount of replicated materials are used as vaccines or hormones  Hepatitis B vaccines produced in this manner.

17. VACCINES IN THE NEWS  New form of whooping cough or pertussis vaccine is from pertussis toxoid and causes fewer side effects than the old vaccine that contained heat-killed organisms.  Vaccine against chicken pox (varicella) has been available since 1995.  Rabies vaccine is the exception to the rule that vaccines should be taken before the invasion of the disease because the disease develops so slowly!  A new vaccine is produced each year for the strains of influenza expected to hit the populations that year.

18. THE END!!!