1. NOTABLE LANDSLIDES IN 2010 Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

2. LANDSLIDES CAUSE DISASTERS Planet Earth’s Restlessness Causes:  Landslides

3. LANDSLIDES NATURAL PHENOMENA THAT OCCUR WITH OR WITHOUT HUMAN ACTIVITY

4. LANDSLIDE HAZARD Landslides encompass all categories of gravity-related slope failures in Earth materials.

5. SLOPES Slopes are the most common landforms. Although they appear stable and static, slopes are actually dynamic, evolving systems.

6. SLOPES Material is constantly moving on slopes at rates varying from imperceptible creep to thundering avalanches and rock falls moving at high velocities.

7. LANDSLIDES Gravity slope failures are triggered by earthquake ground shaking or excess precipitation The slope does not need to be very steep for a landslide to occur.

8. NOTABLE LANDSLIDES IN 2010 BRAZIL AUSTRALIA MACHU PICCHU SO. CALIF MADEIRA INDONESIA NEAR RIO DE JANIERO HAITI

9. RAIN AND LANDSLIDES NEAR RIO DE JANIERO, BRAZIL JANUARY 1, 2010 FEBRUARY 25, 2010

10. BRAZIL: JANUARY 1, 2010

11. FEBRUARY 25: RIO DE JANIERO, BRAZIL

12. RAIN AND MUDSLIDES INCREASE GROWING CONCERNS ABOUT LANDSLIDE RISK IN MACHU PICCHU, PERU 2,500 TOURISTS STRANDED JANUARY 28, 2010

13. MACHU PICCHU

14. More than 300,000 people a year make the trip to Machu Picchu to marvel at the 500-year-old structures built from blocks of granite chiseled from the mountainside,

15. On January 28, 2010, rain and mudflows devastated the homes of thousands of Peruvians living in the vicinity of Machu Picchu and created havoc for tourists visiting Machu Picchu and the Peruvian authorities.

16. Peruvian authorities used helicopters to airlift some of the foreign tourists trapped by rain and mudslides that killed seven people visiting the famed Inca ruins.

17. More than 2,500 others were left stranded: 1,900 in nearby Aguas Calientes and 670 more on the Inca Trail, the narrow Andean pathway up to Machu Picchu that had been cut in several places by mudslides.

18. Stranded tourists were temporarily left sleeping in the street square, in gyms, in schools, on trains, and in makeshift tents.

19. Two landslides—one in December 1995 and another a month later— that occurred on the road that zigzags up the steep embankment from Aguas Calientes to Machu Picchu have raised international concerns about the risk to tourists and Machu Picchu.

20. The International Counsel of Scientific Associations prepared a landslide hazard assessment report for UNESCO in 1999, warning of the possibility of a landslide disaster at Machu Picchu.

21. Geologists at Kyoto University in Japan concluded recently that a massive landslide could send the stone ruins of Machu Picchu crashing into the Urubamba River below.

22. MUDSLIDES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: FEB 6-10, 2010 THE INTERSECTION OF HEAVY RAINFALL IN SO. CA’s FIRST WINTER STORM OF 2010 AND BURNED OUT AREAS FROM WILDFIRES OF 2009 WAS A Rx FOR A POTENTIAL DISASTER

23. FACT: MUDSLIDES INCREASE AFTER WILDFIRES

24. With little vegetation to help contain the water, the vast expanses in southern California that were hit by wildfires late last summer were more vulnerable to mudslides and rock falls when the winter storms started in February.

25. As the first storm of the 2010 season moved into Southern California, the National Weather Service issued flash-flood watches and mudslide warnings for wildfire burn zones in mountain areas from Santa Barbara to San Bernardino counties.

26. The storm tapped into subtropical moisture, giving it the potential to bring moderate to heavy rain that reached 10 cm in a 24-hour-period, creating flash-flooding and debris- flow hazards over the recently burned areas of Santa Barbara, Ventura and Los Angeles counties.

27. Forty-three homes in the La Canada Flintridge area of Southern California were damaged and 800 more were evacuated Saturday, February 6 th, after water and mud overflowed basins and temporary barriers, and surged into streets, taking furniture, cars and concrete barriers with them.

28. LA CONCHITA, CA

29. MUDSLIDES IN LA CONCHITA, CA: JAN 13, 2010

30. MUDSLIDES IN LA CONCHITA, CA

31. After 2009’s wildfires, the steep slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains were shedding substantial debris (ranging from fine sediment to large rock pieces) into the stream channels, which will cause debris flows after a storm to be like flowing concrete.

32. The intense heat from the wildfires also caused the soil to effectively seal itself, which resulted in even larger and faster mudslides

33. CARS TRAPPED IN MUDSLIDES

34. MUDSLIDES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

35. SHOVELING MUD

36. FLASH FLOODS AND MUDSLIDES IN THE MADEIRA ISLANDS, PORTUGAL AT LEAST 42 DEAD FEBRUARY 20-21, 2010

37. LOCATION OF MADEIRA

38. Madeira, which has a population of around 250,000, is the main island of a Portuguese archipelago of the same name in the Atlantic Ocean

39. WHAT HAPPENED The worst storm to hit Madeira since 1993 lashed the south of the Atlantic Ocean island, including the capital, Funchal, Saturday, turning some streets into torrents of mud, water and debris.

40. WHAT HAPPENED (continued) The flash floods were so powerful they carved paths down mountains and ripped through the city, churning under some bridges and tearing others down.

41. FEBRUARY 21: FLASH FLOOD

42. FEBRUARY 21

43. WHAT HAPPENED (continued) Funchal residents and visitors had to contend with a lack of fresh water as a result of destroyed infrastructure.

44. FEBRUARY 21

45. FEBRUARY 21: DAMAGED ROAD

46. FEBRUARY 21

47. FERUARY 22

48. FEBRUARY 22

49. SEARCH AND RESCUE After sunrise on Sunday morning, it was easier for rescue workers to move around roads and bridges damaged by floodwaters and littered with uprooted trees, cars and boulders.

50. FEBRUARY 22: SEARCH AND RESCUE

51. FEBRUARY 22: EARTH MOVER

52. RAIN, TREE CLEARING, AND MUDSLIDES IN CIWIDNEY, INDONESIA FEBRUARY 23-25, 2010

53. FEBRUARY 23: CIWIDEY, INDONESIA

56. MEASURES TO PROTECT LIVES AND PROPERTY IN MUDFLOWS

57. SANDBAGS: DEFENSE AGAINST FLASH FLOODING

58. K-RAILS: A DEFENSE AGAINST MUDFLOWS

59. THE COMBINATION OF WINTER STORMS, HEAVY RAINFALL, FLASH FLOODS AND THE RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF PAST WILDFIRES, EARTHQUAKES, HURRICANES AND TYPHOONS, TREE CLEARING, AND URBANIZATION IS INCREASING GLOBAL LANDSLIDE RISK.

60. The bottom line: A significant global increase in landslides would lead to an unacceptable increase in global risk.