1. Integrated Science Chapter 6: Chemistry in Biology

2. Atoms  The building blocks of matter

3. Atoms Protons  Positive (+)  Inside the nucleus  Mass of 1 Neutrons  No Charge  Inside the nucleus  Mass of 1 Electrons  Negative (-)  Outside the nucleus  No mass

4. Elements  A pure substance that cannot be broken down.  Most commonly found in living things are CHONPS.

5. Elements

6. Isotopes: Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.  Carbon 14 is used for radioactive dating of organic material.  Cesium 137 is used to treat cancerous tumors. (55 protons, 82 Neutrons)  Iodine 123 is widely used to diagnose thyroid disorders and other metabolic disorders including brain function.

7. Compounds: a pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine.

8. Chemical Bonds: the force that holds substances together  Covalent: electrons are shared.  Form molecules  Example: Water  Ionic: Electrons are transferred  Form ionic compounds:  Example: Salt

9. Chemical Bonds MoleculeIonic Compound

10. Water  Water is polar  It has a positive end and a negative end  This causes hydrogen bonding

11. Hydrogen Bonds  The attraction between the positive hydrogen end and the negative oxygen end in water

12. Why is water Important?  Solvent  Dissolves polar compounds  Example: Salt dissolves in water

13. Why is Water Important? It is sticky. Cohesion- water sticks to itself Adhesion- water sticks to other things

14. Why is Water Important? High specific heat – water can hold a lot off heat. Good evaporative coolant – Water carries heat from you body by sweating.

15. Why is Water Important?  Water is less dense when it is frozen  Ex: glaciers

16. Acids, Bases and ph

18. Universal ph indicator

19. Organic compounds A compound containing Carbon Exceptions: CO 2 CO CaCO 3 All living organisms are made up of organic compounds

20. Organic Compounds Carbon = 4 covalent bonds Carbon can bond to itself Results in a variety of important organic compounds

21. Organic Molecules Carbon based molecules form straight chains, branched chains and rings.

22. Macromolecules: four classes of organic compounds 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

23. Macromolecules Polymer = many units Monomer = one unit

24. Carbohydrates  carbon, hydrogen and oxygen  Includes sugars, starches and cellulose Uses Energy storage Build cell walls Usually end in “-ose”

25. Monosaccharide Single (simple) sugar Monomers of carbohydrates Ex: Glucose (energy in cells)(from the sun), Fructose(fruit sugar), Galactose

26. Disaccharides Double sugar C 12 H 22 O 11 (sucrose) Example: Sucrose Lactose (milk sugar)

27. Polysaccharides Many sugars Starch- plants Glycogen- animal starch

28. cellulose Long chains of starch Very strong Function: plant cell walls

30. Lipids What are they?  Fats, oils, waxes, steroids Function  Energy storage  Insulation  Cell membrane  Coatings  Hormones

31. Lipid Structure Triglyceride = Glycerol 3 Fatty Acid Chains

32. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

33. Lipids  Saturated  Solid  Straight  Unsaturated  Liquid  Bent

34. What are trans fats? (isomer) Chemically altered unsaturated fats Not found in nature Your body doesn’t know how to break them down

36. Phospholipid function  Phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane

37. Steriods

38. Proteins  Contain C, H, N, O (S)  Enzymes (Amylase)  Antibodies  Hormones-regulate body functions (insulin)

39. Types of Proteins 1. Structural: 1. Keratin (hair, nails) 2. Collagen 2. Contractile 1. Actin/myosin (muscles) 3. Pigments (skin, hair, iris)

40. Protein Structure  1. Amino Acids  20 different kinds

41. Peptide Bond  Joins two amino acids ( dehydration Rxn)  Polypeptide = many amino acids ← Primary Structure

42. Levels of Protein Structure 1. Primary- amino acid sequence 2. Secondary- helix or pleated sheet 3. Tertiary- a.a. interact to form the polypeptide into 3D shape 4. Quaternary- two or more tertiary polypeptides

43. What are enzymes and why are they important?  Specialized proteins.  Speeds up a reaction (not consumed)

44. How do enzymes work?  Enzymes bind with a substrate and break it into two or more products.

45. What are some examples of enzymes?  Lipase – breaks down fat  Helicase- unwinds DNA  Amylase – breaks down food in your mouth  DNA Polymerase- assemble nucleotides in DNA replication  Pepsin – breaks down proteins

46. What do all Enzymes have in common?  1. Active Site  Location that the substrate binds to.

47. What do all enzymes have in common?  2.Very specific  Lipase only breaks down fat  Helicase unwinds DNA for replication

48. What do all enzymes have in common?  3. Recycled  Can be used over and over  Only a small amount is needed to speed up thousands of reactions.

49. What is activation energy?  Amount of energy needed to start a reaction

50. How do enzymes affect activation energy?  Enzymes lower activation energy

51. How is enzyme activity affected by pH?  Too high/low = denatures

52. How is enzyme activity affected by temperature ?  Too high = denatures  Too low = inactive

53. How is enzyme activity affected by enzyme concentration?  More Enzymes = faster rate of reaction

54. How is enzyme activity affected by substrate concentration?  The rate of reaction will gradually increase until it levels off.

55. The Enzyme Song  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=deF QhPurj-k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=deF QhPurj-k

56. Nucleic Acids DNA  Contains hereditary info (genes)  Double helix RNA  Protein synthesis  Single helix

58. Flow of information  DNA → RNA → Proteins