1. Irrigation – Does Variability Matter? Irrigation – Does Variability Matter? Ian McIndoe Fraser Scales

2. Background With irrigation, we have to get SMARTer! –Production –Drainage (due to irrigation AND rainfall) –Allocation limits/ water use –Other factors, e.g. energy We need irrigation to be well-designed and well-managed Design sets the platform for high performance

3. The challenge We live in an imperfect world Variability is a fact of life Variability has to be accommodated in both design and management Optimum solutions are site specific

4. What variability? Climatic – rainfall, wind, humidity, temperature Agronomic – crop, stage, physical composition, actual water use Soils – PAW, infiltration, depth to pans, surface storage Topographical – shape, slope, infrastructure, natural features

5. What variability? Water supply – reliability, quantity, quality Irrigation system – components, pressure, flow, uniformity, application intensity Management – timing, depth applied Given this, how can we deal with variability to deliver SMART irrigation?

6. Climate Generally, good historical data is available – useful for determining design specs and overall need For rainfall, need to make full use of local data

7. Wind speed

9. Temperature

10. Agronomic Currently, mostly standard values used to determine crop water need Improved data is being produced – e.g. grazed pasture crop factors Need for irrigation systems to be designed to better match crop needs

11. Soils Currently, soil maps often used (e.g. S Map) Need better information on soil properties and variability of soils on farm –PAW and its variability –Depth to pans/ lower hydraulic conductivity horizons How much does PAW variability matter?

12. Soil PAW variability

14. Topography Slope matters more than you might think Very few paddocks are actually flat Surface redistribution is very common Need to tailor design and management to maximise benefits Land levelling under spray irrigation?

15. Application uniformity Is about how evenly water is being applied to the ground surface Easily checked using bucket tests Low uniformity usually leads to low efficiency

16. Spray irrigation bucket test

17. Application uniformity

19. Ponding and surface redistribution Probably the biggest contributor to low irrigation performance Can generally be observed Driven by application intensity and depth applied Particularly an issue on slopes Needs full consideration in irrigation design and management.

20. Ponding under pivot

21. Ponding

22. Application intensity

24. Supply reliability Impacts on irrigation mind set – just in case versus just in time Impacts on production, water use, drainage Need to have high reliability to achieve high performance

25. Irrigation system Irrigation method Pressure variability - tradeoffs Flow variability –issue with VRI, corner arms, multiple pumps Voltage variability INZ Codes of practice – design, installation

26. Performance – 60 mm PAW

28. Performance – 120 mm PAW

30. Irrigation management strategies Depth of water applied Return interval Seasonal limits Where and how irrigation is scheduled A lot of work has been done and is being done in this area. Weather forecasting will be critical!

31. Effect of scheduling location

32. Conclusions We need to become SMARTer irrigators Variability does matter in some areas We need to focus on production, water use and drainage Better engineering will be required – in the factory: new or improved irrigation methods – in the design shop We need to target application uniformity We need to target surface redistribution

33. Priorities What is easy and cost-effective to implement? –Some things are well understood –Some things need to be better communicated to end users –Some things require further investigation We can achieve our targets, but its not going to be easy.

34. Questions

35. Temperature

36. Centre-pivot