1. Presented to: Dr. Aqeel Anjum Presented by: Muhammad Kamran Sial Roll number: M076 University Of Sargodha Pakistan

2. Scientific name: Pulex irritans L Family: Pulicidae Order: Syphonaptera

3.  Eggs: Eggs are whitish short ovoid 1/50 inches long  Larvae:  Slender whitish about 1/6 to ¼ inch long with small  pale brown head without legs or eyes.  Body plainly segments  Covered with scattered very long hair.  Mouthparts are chewing type.

4. Pupae:  Very small,  Oval and white silken cocoon to which  Adhere particles of dust and trash are attached  Gives dirty appearance. Adult:  Hard skinned  Very spiny  Extraordinary thin from side  Piercing sucking mouthparts  Concealed antennae  No wings  Very large legs for jumping  Their only food is blood

5.  Insect overwinters in the form of pupae.  Flea generation completed in 2-3 weeks to 2-3 months or even in 2 years.

6.  They bite the human which is not felt immediately but increases irritation and sore for several days.  Flea spread plague from rat to man.  Flea is an important vector of plague.  Flea transmits the infection by regurgitation during feeding on blood.  Flea also a vector of endemic typhus from rat to man.

7.  You should use the vacuum cleaner to clean your house and its cushions.  Use the steam cleaning process to get rid of fleas.  Destruction of rats and other rodents.  Cats can be encouraged so that rats cannot find the place for their multiplication.  Wire cages can also be used to avoid the rats.  Use zinc phosphide pellets in the house to avoid tee rats.