1. 13-1 Chapter 13 Designing Global Market Offerings by

2. 13-2 Your company does not belong in markets where it cannot be the best. Kotler on Marketing

3. 13-3 Chapter Objectives  In this chapter, we focus on the following questions:  What factors should a company review before deciding to go abroad?  How can companies evaluate and select foreign markets to enter?  What are the major ways of entering a foreign market?  To what extent must the company adapt its products and marketing program to each foreign country?  How should the company manage and organize its international activities?

4. 13-4 Figure 13.1: Major Decisions in International Marketing Competing on a Global Basis  Global industry  Global firm

5. 13-5  Factors drawing companies into the international arena:  Global firms offering better products or lower prices can attack the company’s domestic market.  The company discovers that some foreign markets present higher profit opportunities than the domestic market.  The company needs a larger customer base to achieve economies of scale.  The company wants to reduce its dependence on any one market.  The company’s customers are going abroad and need servicing. Deciding Whether To Go Abroad

6. 13-6 Deciding Whether To Go Abroad  Before going abroad, the company must weigh several risk:  The company might not understand foreign customer preferences and fail to offer a competitively attractive product.  The company might not understand the foreign country’s business culture or know how to deal effectively with foreign nationals.  The company might underestimate foreign regulations and incur unexpected costs.  The company might realize that it lacks managers with international experience.  The foreign country might change its commercial laws, devalue its currency, or undergo a political revolution and expropriate property.

7. 13-7 Table 13.1: Blunders in International Marketing Hallmark cards failed when they were introduced in France. The French dislike syrupy sentiment and prefer writing their own cards. Philips began to earn a profit in Japan only after it had reduced the size of its coffeemakers to fit into smaller Japanese kitchens and its shavers to fit smaller Japanese hands. Coca-Cola had to withdraw its two-liter bottle in Spain after discovering that few Spaniards owned refrigerators with large enough compartments to accommodate it. General Foods’ Tang initially failed in France because it was positioned as a substitute for orange juice at breakfast. The French drink little orange juice and almost none at breakfast. Kellogg’s Pop-Tarts failed in Britain because the percentage of British homes with toasters was significantly lower than in the United States and the product was too sweet for British tastes. See text for complete table

8. 13-8 In the early 20 th century, the Trans-Atlantic cable allowed for the transmission of photographs in near real time. Still images went to press soon after news of events in Europe arrived here in the States. Are there any emerging communication technologies today that show similar potential? How can these be harnessed to improve a company’s global offerings?

9. 13-9 Deciding Which Markets to Enter  How many markets to enter  Ayal and Zif contend that a company should enter fewer countries when:  Market entry and market costs are high  Product and communication costs are high  Population and income size and growth are high in the initial countries chosen  Dominant foreign firms can establish high barriers to entry

10. 13-10 Deciding Which Markets to Enter  Regional free trade zones  The European Union  NAFTA  MERCOSUL  APEC  Evaluating potential markets  Psychic proximity

11. 13-11 Regional free trade zones offer many potential benefits to companies expanding their offerings abroad. Clearly defined national import/export policies are just one potential benefit. Can you think of any others? What marketing challenges will not be eased by such agreements?

12. 13-12 Deciding How to Enter the Market Figure 13.2: Five Modes of Entry into Foreign Markets

13. 13-13  Indirect and direct export  Occasional exporting  Active exporting  Indirect exporting  Domestic-based export merchants  Domestic-based export agents  Cooperative organizations  Export-management companies Deciding How to Enter the Market

14. 13-14  Companies can carry on direct exporting in several ways  Domestic-based export department or division  Overseas sales branch or subsidiary  Traveling export sales representatives  Foreign-based distributors or agents Deciding How to Enter the Market

15. 13-15  Licensing  Management contracts  Contract manufacturing  Franchising Deciding How to Enter the Market

16. 13-16 Deciding How to Enter the Market  Joint ventures  Direct investment  The Internationalization Process  Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul identified four stages in the internationalization process:  No regular export activities  Export via independent representatives (agents)  Establishment of one or more sales subsidiaries  Establishment of production facilities abroad

17. 13-17 Deciding on the Marketing Program  Standardized marketing mix  Adapted marketing mix

18. 13-18 McDonald’s around the world: Hungary

19. 13-19 Deciding on the Marketing Program  Product  Straight extension

20. 13-20 Figure 13.3: Five International Product and Promotion Strategies

21. 13-21 Deciding on the Marketing Program  Product adaptation  Product invention  Backward invention  Forward invention  Promotion  Communication adaptation  Dual adaptation

22. 13-22 Carlsberg’s global Web site

23. 13-23 Deciding on the Marketing Program  Price  Price escalation  Companies have three choices  Set a uniform price everywhere  Set a market-based price in each country  Set a cost-based price in each country  Transfer price  Dumping  Arm’s-length price  Gray market

24. 13-24 Figure 13.4: Whole-Channel Concept for International Marketing Deciding on the Marketing Program  Place (distribution channels)  Seller’s international marketing headquarters  Channels between nations  Channels within foreign nations

25. 13-25 One of the most profound political changes in the late 20 th century was the fall of the “iron curtain” and the subsequent opening of markets in Eastern Europe. Has this potential marketplace been fully exploited by American companies? European companies? Why or why not?

26. 13-26 Deciding on the Marketing Organization  Export department  International division  Geographical organizations  World product groups  International subsidiaries

27. 13-27 Deciding on the Marketing Organization  Global organization  Bartlett and Ghoshal distinguish three organizational strategies:  A global strategy treats the world as a single market.  A multinational strategy treats the world as a portfolio of national opportunities.  A “glocal” strategy standardizes certain core elements and localizes other elements.