1. Peripheral Interfaces

2. List of available interfaces
1.      Serial
2.      Parallel
3.      ATA/IDE
4.      Serial ATA
5.      SCSI
6.      USB
7.      Firewire
8.      Infrared serial
9.      Joystick port
10. Keyboard port
11. PS/2 port
12. PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association)

3. The serial port
The serial port is a low-speed peripherals port designed for devices that don't need to transfer a lot of data, like mice or modems.
The port is "serial" because data bits are transmitted one at a time.
The international standard for serial ports is called RS- 232.
Serial ports are still used for external modems, PDAs/palmtops, and occasionally mice or game controllers, but these devices are rapidly converting to the newer Universal Serial Bus (USB).
If your computer supports USB, a USB version of a device is highly preferable to the serial port version for long-term compatibility.

4. The serial port

5. The serial port

6. The serial port, UARTs
Chip# speed
bps
kbps
kbps
kbps
You can find out what UART is installed in your PC by running MSD.EXE in the DOS mode.
You can find MSD.EXE in Win98/Me/2000 CD-ROM /tools/ folder.
Try shareware version of SiSoft Sandra -

7. Enhanced Serial Port (ESP) or Super ESP

8. The serial port Configuaration

9. The parallel port
The parallel port is the wide 25-pin port on the back of the computer which is used to communicate with printers and some other peripheral devices.
There are several different parallel port standards, including
SPP (standard parallel port),
Bidirectional,
EPP ("enhanced parallel port") and
ECP ("extended capabilities port").
Most modern computers can support any of these standards via a user-selectable option in the BIOS setup.
For maximum compatibility, always set the parallel port standard to match the standards supported by your devices, and never attach more than two devices to the same parallel port.

10. IEEE 1284, parallel port standard

11. The parallel port

12. parallel port types

13. PS/2 type parallel port
Bidirectional type is also known as PS/2 type or Extended type.

14. IDE, Integrated Drive Electronics
IDE stands for Integrated Drive Electronics.
Most consumer storage devices, like hard disks and CD-ROMs, use the IDE interface to communicate with the computer.
PC compatible computers typically have two IDE interface controllers, and each controller can support two devices.
Storage product manufacturers have confused matters by trademarking their own names for the IDE interface, calling it ATA, UDMA, or EIDE.
Although they may differ in performance details, they are all intercompatible.

15. IDE/ATA
Usually these devices connect to the computer through an Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) interface.
Essentially, an IDE interface is a standard way for a storage device to connect to a computer.
IDE is actually not the true technical name for the interface standard.
The original name, AT Attachment (ATA), signified that the interface was initially developed for the IBM AT computer.

16. IDE
Also Known As: ATA, UDMA, EIDE, UDMA/33, ATA/66, ATA/100, ATAPI

17. ATA generations ATA-1 8.33 MB/s ATA-2 16.67 MB/s ATA-3 16.67 MB/s
ATA/ATAPI-4, Ultra-ATA/ MB/s UDMA
ATA/ATAPI-5, Ultra-ATA/ MB/s UDMA
ATA/ATAPI-6, ATA/ MB/s UDMA

18. ATA generations

19. ATAPI
ATA-4: Probably the two biggest additions to the standard in this version are Ultra DMA support and the integration of the AT Attachment Program Interface (ATAPI) standard.
ATAPI provides a common interface for CD-ROM drives, tape backup drives and other removable storage devices.
Before ATA-4, ATAPI was a completely separate standard.
With the inclusion of ATAPI, ATA-4 immediately improved the removable media support of ATA.
Ultra DMA increased the DMA transfer rate from ATA-2's MB/sec to MB/sec.
In addition to the existing cable that uses 40 pins and 40 conductors (wires), this version introduces a cable that has 80 conductors.
The other 40 conductors are ground wires interspersed between the standard 40 conductors to improve signal quality.
ATA-4 is also known as Ultra DMA, Ultra ATA and Ultra ATA/33.

20. ATAPI
ATAPI stands for ATA Packet Interface.
It's a variation on the IDE (also called ATA) interface used for hard disks, which is specially designed to accomodate removable media devices like CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs, CD writers and tape drives.

21. ATA Connectors and Cables

22. ATA generations

23. ATA generations

24. ATA generations ATA-1 8.33 MB/s ATA-2 16.67 MB/s ATA-3 16.67 MB/s
ATA/ATAPI-4, Ultra-ATA/ MB/s UDMA
ATA/ATAPI-5, Ultra-ATA/ MB/s UDMA
ATA/ATAPI-6, ATA/ MB/s UDMA

25. Serial ATA
High Speed Serialized AT Attachment

26. Serial ATA

27. Demultiplexing

28. Serial ATA Connectors

29. Serial ATA Connectors
(a) device signal plug segment or connector;
(b) device power plug segment or connector;
(c) signal cable receptacle connector, to be mated with (a);
(d) power cable receptacle connector, to be mated with (b);
(e) signal cable receptacle connector, to be mated with (f), the host signal plug connector;
(g) host receptacle connector mating directly with device plug connector (a) & (b).
Ref: Serial ATA 1.0 gold.pdf

30. SATA Signal Cable and Connector

31. SATA Signal Direct Connector

32. SATA Generations

33. Parallel ATA vs. Serial ATA
Parallel ATA Serial ATA
Bandwidth 100/133 MB/Secs 150/300/600 MB/Secs
Volts V mV
Pins
Length Limitation 18 inch (45.72cm) 1 meter (100cm)
Cable Wide Thin
Ventilation Bad Good
Peer-to-Peer No Yes

34. SCSI, Small Computer Systems Interface
It is a high-speed peripherals expansion port which provides support for up to 7 devices on a single connector.
SCSI is a complex and powerful standard; because of its high bandwidth, it can handle all sorts of devices including hard disks, CD-RW, scanners, removable drives, etc.
A few computers come with SCSI built-in, but it can be added with a modestly priced PCI card.
SCSI is comparable to the IDE, USB and parallel port standards, but it is more flexible and more capable than any one of them.
Only Firewire (IEEE 1394) offers comparable performance.

35. SCSI Types, Data transfer rates & Cables

36. SCSI Types, Data transfer rates & Cables
LVD - Low Voltage Differential signaling; HVD - High voltage Differential signaling

37. SCSI, Symbols

38. SCSI, Low and High Density 50-pin Connectors

39. SCSI, High density 68 & 80-pin Connectors

40. DB-25 SCSI Connector

41. Cross Section of typical SCSI Cable

42. SCSI Terminators

43. SCSI ID Settings 0 ~ 7

44. SCSI Daisy chain connection: First & last device must be terminated

45. External SCSI Device Terminator

46. Internal SCSI Device Terminator

47. USB & Firewire

48. USB
USB stands for Universal Serial Bus, a new standard for connecting external devices like mice, keyboards, scanners and printers.
USB offers many benefits over traditional connection method, including thinner and cheaper cables, greater expandability (with the addition of a USB hub, a single USB controller can handle up to 125 devices) and greater speed.
To use USB, your computer needs integrated USB ports or a USB expansion card and Windows 98; Mac users require a Mac with USB and MacOS 8.1 or greater.

49. USB

50. USB Series-A and Series-B Plugs and Receptacles

51. USB Data Rates

52. FireWire
A very fast external bus standard that supports data transfer rates of up to 400 Mbps (400 million bits per second).
Products supporting the 1394 standard go under different names, depending on the company.
Apple, which originally developed the technology, uses the trademarked name FireWire.
Other companies use other names, such as i.link and Lynx, to describe their 1394 products.

53. FireWire
A single 1394 port can be used to connect up 63 external devices.
In addition to its high speed, 1394 also supports isochronous data -- delivering data at a guaranteed rate.
This makes it ideal for devices that need to transfer high levels of data in real-time, such as video devices.
Although extremely fast and flexible, 1394 is also expensive.
Like USB, 1394 supports both Plug-and-Play and hot plugging, and also provides power to peripheral devices.

54. Firewire, IEEE 1394
IEEE 1394 is a standard interface for connecting storage, digital video and many other devices to your computer.
Developed by Apple computer and trademarked with the name Firewire, IEEE 1394 offers data bandwidth up to 40 megabytes/second.
One IEEE 1394 port can support up to 63 devices, with the assistance of one or more IEEE 1394 hubs.
The IEEE 1394 standard has special modes for transferring video and other "synchronous" information, making it ideal for communicating with video cameras.
The version of IEEE 1394 developed by Sony for its video equipment is called i.LINK.

55. IEEE-1394 Cable, Socket, and Connector Plug

56. USB and IEEE-1394 Comparison
Daisy chaining allows

57. FireWire vs. USB

58. Keyboard/Mouse Interfaces

59. Keyboard/Mouse Connector Signals

60. Joystick Port

61. Sound Blaster Cards with different Connectors

62. InfraRed Data (IrDA) Connector on Motherboard

63. PC card (PCMCIA—Personal Computer Memory Card International Association)
A credit card–sized expansion adapter for note-book and laptop PCs.
PC card is the official PCMCIA trademark; however, both PC card and PCMCIA card are used to refer to these standards.
PCMCIA cards are removable modules that can hold numerous types of devices, including memory, modems, fax/modems, radio transceivers, network adapters, solid state disks, and hard disks.