2. What is the Protestant Reformation
Name given to the religious reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups. Prior to Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic Church criticized for abuse of power and corruption-Martin Luther wanted to get rid of this abuse & restore people’s faith in Church
In the end reformers established their own religions
Christian Humanists-wanted to reform church
Believed through reason, and studying the classics one could become more pious (Christ-like)
Desiderius Erasmus-Father of Christian Humanism
He suggested reforming from within the church

3. Why Reform?
Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of spiritual leadership
Scientific advances contradicted the Church
People wanted to know how to save souls
Indulgences-a release of a soul from purgatory for monetary donation - a HUGE abuse of Church power

5. Martin Luther German Priest Saw problems in Church
Church believed salvation gained from faith + good work
Luther believed faith alone gained salvation
October 31, 1517 – Posted 95 Theses on church door in Wittenberg, Germany
His criticisms of Church
1000s of copies distributed through Germany

6. The Reformation Begins
Luther moves town split from Church
Wanted Germany to establish a German Church
Luther excommunicated
Charles V(Roman Emperor)Summoned Luther the Diet at city of Worms to ask Luther to change his mind
Luther refuses
Edict of Worms issued, making Luther an outlaw
Luther kept in hiding-a crime to associate with him
Many accepted his teachings & renounced authority of the pope

7. Lutheranism Followers of Luther’s religious practices
Gained support of many German princes
1524, German peasants revolt & hope Luther would support them, because Luther needed the princes’ support, he did not help peasants
Germany in turmoil-Catholic? Lutheran?
To achieve peace Emperor Charles V accepted Peace of Augsburg (allowed German princes to choose faiath of their religion)

8. Protestantism Spreads
Ulrich Zwingli – Priest in Zurich, Switzerland
Zwinglian Reformation
Stresses importance of Bible
Rejects elaborate church rituals
John Calvin – replaces Zwingli
1536-Began reforming Geneva, Switz.
Set up Theocracy-govt. run by church leaders
God determined who would gain salvation –Predestination
Calvinism spreads through Europe
Challenge to Roman Catholic Church-sets off wars

9. Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation
Immediate Effects
Peasants Revolt
Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian and other Protestant churches
Weakening of Holy Roman Empire
Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from Christian lands
Long – Term Effects
Religious wars in Europe
Catholic Reformation
Strengthening of the Inquisition
Jewish migration to Eastern Europe
Increased anti-Semitism

10. Reformation in England
Political, not religious motives for reform
Henry VIII-King of England
Needs a male heir to carry on Tudor Dynasty
Married Catherine of Aragon-had a daughter Mary
No son, so Henry wants a divorce
In Catholic Church you need an annulment granted by the Church
Pope refuses to grant annulment
Henry VIII breaks from Church, graant granted

11. Church of England is formed
Archbishop of Canterbury grants Henry VIII a divorce
Act of Supremacy (1534) Establishes Church of England
King control over doctrine, appointments etc.
Dissolves Catholic claims, sells land & possessions of the Catholic Church
Remained close to Catholic teachings

13. Church of England Cont. 1547-Henry VIII died
His 9 year old son, Edward VI took the throne
The Church of England – Anglican Church
Became more Protestant
Angering Catholics
1533-Edward dies
Half sister Mary (catholic) takes throne
She wants to restore Catholicism
“Bloody Mary” has 300+ protestants burned as heretics
Increases tensions between Catholics & Protestants

14. Elizabethan Settlement
Succeeded Mary
Compromises between Catholic & Protestant practices
Monarch not Supreme Head of Church but Supreme Governor over spiritual matters
Accepts moderate Protestant doctrine
Unifies England
She restores economy

15. The Catholic Reformation
Protestantism spreading through Europe
Church sees need to reform
Raises standards of the clergy
Inspires Church with renewed zeal & morale
Contributed greatly to producing the Catholic Church as we know it today
Pillars of Catholic Reformation
1. Reform of Papacy
2. Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
3. Council of Trent-establishes direction reform is to take

16. The Papacy Corruption had to be addressed Pope Paul led papal reform
Oversaw creation of Jesuit order
Opened Council of Trent-direction for reform-BANNED INDULGENCES
Revived the Inquisition- Fight Protestantism

17. The Jesuits Most significant of Catholic Reform
Founded by Ingatius of Loyola
Spanish Soldier
Injured in battle
Had a conversion during recovery, dedicated himself to the church

18. Role of Jesuits Missionaries Convert former and non-Catholics
Urged religious education of children
Devoted to religious and secular education
Secondary School
Colleges/Universities
Seminaries