1. Introduction to Programming Lecture 2 Msury Mahunnah, Department of Informatics, Tallinn University of Technology

2. Microsoft Visual Studio and Visual Basic The Visual Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE) for building, testing, debugging, and deploying a variety of applications: Windows applications, web applications, classes and custom controls, and even console applications. Visual Studio supports different programming languages: Microsoft Visual Basic, Visual J#, Visual C#, and Visual C++. Download Visual Studio from https://www.dreamspark.com/https://www.dreamspark.com/ Book of “Mastering Microsoft Visual Basic 2010” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio#Visual_Studio_Professional

3. Getting Started Launch Microsoft Visual Basic From the File menu, select New Project The type of project, select Windows Forms Application Define Windows application name, OK Add control(s) from “Common Controls” To execute select from menu: “Debug-> Start Debugging” or press F5

4. Toolbox Includes different Windows form items Mainly we are using components (objects) from Common Controls (Button, CheckBox,...) Containers (GroupBox, Panel) Components (Timer) Every Windows form components (objects) has its own: Properties (= attributes, describing a object) Methods (= acts) Events (implemented by procedures)

5. Using object properties and methods object_name.property object_name.method The examples Button1.Hide() Button1 – object name Hide() – a method Button1.Width = 50 Width – property

6. The variable A variable is a named location in computer memory that maintains values. A variable is a memory field or a cell to keep the values, provided with a name.

7. The types of variables VB recognizes the following five categories of variable: Numeric (stores numbers) String (stores text) Boolean (strores values “TRUE” and “FALSE”) Date (stores timevalues and datevalues) Object (can stores any type of data)

8. Numeric variables Integer (there are several Integer data types) Decimal Single (floating-point numbers with limited precision) Double (floating-point numbers with extreme precision)

9. VB numeric data types Data type Memory representation Stores in the range... Byte (Byte)1 byte0 to 255 (int) Signed Byte (SByte)1 byte-128 to 127 (int) Short (Int16)2 bytes-32,768 to 32,767 (int) Integer (Int32)4 bytes-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (int) Long (Int64)8 bytes-9x10^18 to 9x10^18 (int) Unsigned Short (UShort)2 bytes0 to 65,536 Unsigned Integer (UInteger)4 bytes0 to 4,294,967,295 Unsigned Long(ULong)8 bytes0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551, 615 Single Precision (Single)4 bytes -3.40E38 to -1.40E-45 (neg numbers) 1.40E-45 to 3.40E38 (pos numbers) Double Precision (Double)8 bytes-1.79E308 to -4,94E-324 (neg numbers) 4.94E-324 to 1.79E308 (pos numbers) Decimal (Decimal)16 bytesInteger and floating-point numbers scaled by a factor in the range from 0 to 28.

10. The characters that define the type of a variable 1. % - Integer 2. & - Long 3. ! – Single 4. # - Double 5. $ - String

11. Examples of the declare statements The declare statement (DS) defines a variable, the data type of the variable and optionally, its initial value. DS begins with a keyword Dim. Dim a As Integer, b As Long // Dim a%, b& a = 247 b = 52 Dim c As Integer = 32768 // Dim c%= 32768 Dim d As Single = 2.78 // Dim d! = 2.78 Dim e As Double= 3.14 // Dim e# = 3.14

12. String data type Type “String” stores 2 billion characters (about 2GB) Examples of the declaration: Dim word As String // or Dim word$ word = “disambiguation” Dim word As String = “disambiguation” or Dim word$= “disambiguation”

13. Date data type Store date values that may include a time (or not), and they are declared with the Date data type: Dim expiration As Date expiration = #01/01/2010# expiration = #8/27/1999 6:27:11# expiration = #July 2, 2011# expiration = Today()

14. Control Statements or Flow Control Statements Decision Statements If... Then If... Then... Else Select Case Loop Statements For... Next Do... Loop While... End While

15. If... Then Statement The If...Then statement tests an expression, which is known as a condition. If the condition is True, the program executes the statement(s) that follow the Then keyword up to the End If statement, which terminates the conditional statement. The If...Then statement can have a single-line or multiple-line syntax. Single-line syntax: If condition Then statement Multiple-line syntax: If condition Then ‘Statement(s) End if

16. If... Then... Else Statement A variation of the If... Then statement is the If... Then... Else statement, which executes one block of statements if the condition is True and another block of statements if the condition is False The If...Then statement can have (again) a single-line or multiple-line syntax. Single-line syntax: If condition Then statementblock1 Else statementblock2 Multiple-line syntax: If condition Then statementblock1 Else statementblock2 End if

17. If... Then... Else statement... A third variation of the If... Then... Else statement uses several conditions, with the ElseIf keywords: If condition1 Then statementblock1 ElseIf condition2 Then statementblock2 ElseIf condition3 Then statementblock3 Else statementblock4 End If

18. Select Case Statements The Select Case structure evaluates a single expression at the top of the structure. The result of expression is then compared with several values; if it matches one of them, the corresponding block of statements is executed. Select Case expression (selector) Case value1 statementblock1 Case value2 statementblock2. Case Else statementblockN End Select

19. For... Next loops For counter = start To end [Step increment] ‘statements Next [counter] In executing a For...Next loop, VB does the following: 1. Sets the counter variable equal to start variable 2. Tests to see whether counter is greater than end. If so, it exits the loop without executing the statements in then loop’s body. 3. Executes the statements in the block 4. Increases the counter variable by amount specified with the increment argument following the Step keyword. 5. Continues with step 2.

20. Do...Loop The Do...Loop statement executes a block of statements for as long as a condition is True or until a condition becomes True. To execute a block of statements until a condition is False, use the following syntax: Do statementblock Loop While condition

21. Do...Loop To execute a block of statements until a condition becomes True, use the following syntax: Do Until condition statementblock Loop

22. While Loops The While...End While loop executes a block of statements as long as condition is true. The loop has the following syntax: While condition statementblock End While

23. How to repeat forever? Do ‘statements-block Loop While 1=1 ‘statements-block End While While True ‘statements-block End While

24. Exit from “forever-loop”? Do... If condition Then Exit Do... Loop While 1=1... If condition Then Exit While... End While While True... If condition Then Exit While... End While

25. References “Mastering Visual Basic 2010”, Evangelos Petroustus