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Chapter 13: The Marine Habitat
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Most organisms live in euphotic zone
Sunlight Nutrients Marine algae Other organisms need algae Directly or indirectly
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Classification Three domains Archaea Bacteria Eukarya
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Classification Four Kingdoms Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Fig. 13-1
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Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Fig. 13-4
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Classification of marine life
By life style Plankton floaters Phytoplankton Zooplankton Baterioplankton Plankton make up most of Earth’s biomass
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Phytoplankton Fig. 13-2
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Zooplankton Fig. 13-2
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Nekton active swimmers
Fig. 13-4
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Benthos bottom dwellers
Epifauna Infauna Nektobenthos Fig. 13-5
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Marine life Marine environment stable 98% benthic 2% pelagic
No need to adapt to many different conditions 98% benthic 2% pelagic
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Adaptations to ocean: Viscosity
Buoyancy Cooler water more viscous Warmer water less viscous Organisms with appendages Common warmer water Less common cooler water Small size resists sinking
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Small size resists sinking for plankton
Nekton streamlined Fig
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Temperature Stenothermal Eurythermal Open ocean, deeper
Shallow coastal water Open ocean, surface
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Salinity Euryhaline Stenohaline
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Marine hypotonic fish Drink water Secrete salt Concentrated urine
Fig
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Diffusion Molecules move from higher concentration of substance to lower concentration Fig b
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Osmosis Water molecules move through semipermeable membrane from less concentrated to more concentrated Fig
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Dissolved gases Gas solubility depends on temperature
Gills exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in water Marine animals die if not enough oxygen in seawater
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Water is very transparent
Shallow water fish good vision Transparent bodies (jellyfish) Counter shading Disruptive coloration Cryptic Coloration Bioluminescent
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Pelagic (open ocean) Biozones Neritic Oceanic Epipelagic Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic Abyssopelagic Fig
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Sunlight zones Euphotic Disphotic Asphotic
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Benthic biozones Subneritic Suboceanic Littoral Sublittoral Abyssal
Hadal
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End of Chapter 13: The Marine Habitat
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