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C HAPTER 18 - CLASSIFICATION. C LASSIFICATION & I DENTIFICATION Taxonomy- science of classification 1. Classification-assigning organisms to a taxa based.

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Presentation on theme: "C HAPTER 18 - CLASSIFICATION. C LASSIFICATION & I DENTIFICATION Taxonomy- science of classification 1. Classification-assigning organisms to a taxa based."— Presentation transcript:

1 C HAPTER 18 - CLASSIFICATION

2 C LASSIFICATION & I DENTIFICATION Taxonomy- science of classification 1. Classification-assigning organisms to a taxa based on similarities 2. Nomenclature- rules of naming 3. Identification- determining belonging Important for: sense of relationships, past to present enhance communication- Doctors & scientists make predictions about similar organisms

3 C AROLUS L INNAEUS Species-similar organisms that can interbreed Didn’t work well for asexual organisms- called strains Linnaeus divided into plantae & animalia only Taxon- group or level of classification Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

4 The more of these that they have in common, the more closely related they are Ex: Ursus arctos (grizzly bear) Ursus maritimus (polar bear) Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Giant panda) Who is more closely related?

5 B INOMIAL N OMENCLATURE - 2 PART NAMING use Genus & species Latin names Genus-noun, written first, capitalized Species- adjective, lowercase *both written in italics or underlined Ex: Diplococcus pneumoniae or Homo sapiens

6 P ROBLEMS WITH C OMMON N AMES 1. They don’t tell how organisms are related 2. Misleading 3. Vary from place to place

7 P HYLOGENETIC T REES diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor

8 E VOLUTIONARY C LASSIFICATION Based on: 1. Phylogeny- evolutionary history Modern day vs fossil record 2. Developmental stages- egg, larva, etc. 3. Biochemistry- DNA 4. Behavior- mating rituals, breeding seasons, calls

9 S YNAPOMORPHY - A SHARED, DERIVED CHARACTER The more recently two species diverged from a common ancestor, the more synapomorphies they will share. Unique synapomorphies found only in a single group provide strong evidence for the common ancestry of members of that group.

10 T HE SYNAPOMORPHIC ASTRAGALUS ANKLE BONES OF WHALES (C ETACEANS ) AND CLOVEN - HOOVED MAMMALS (A RTIODACTYLS ) HELPED BIOLOGISTS DETERMINE THAT THESE TWO GROUPS SHARE A RELATIVELY RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR.

11 C LADOGRAMS Diagrams that shows the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms Uses derived characters- characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members

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13 VertebraeBony SkeletonFour LimbsAmniotic EggHair Large Holes in Skull SharksX Ray-finned fishXX AmphibiansXXX PrimatesXXXXX RodentsXXXXx CrocodilesXXXX X Dinosaurs & Birdsxxxx x Construct a Cladogram

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15 18-3 K INGDOMS & D OMAINS Robert Whittaker- 5 kingdom system Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Monera Did not address viruses Today: 6 Kingdom System Monera> Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

16 W OESE - 3 D OMAINS Determined by rRNA sequencing 1. Archae- extreme bacteria 2. Bacteria- everyday bacteria 3. Eukarya- (Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)

17 C REATE YOUR OWN K EY :


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