1. C HAPTER 18 - CLASSIFICATION

2. C LASSIFICATION & I DENTIFICATION Taxonomy- science of classification 1. Classification-assigning organisms to a taxa based on similarities 2. Nomenclature- rules of naming 3. Identification- determining belonging Important for: sense of relationships, past to present enhance communication- Doctors & scientists make predictions about similar organisms

3. C AROLUS L INNAEUS Species-similar organisms that can interbreed Didn’t work well for asexual organisms- called strains Linnaeus divided into plantae & animalia only Taxon- group or level of classification Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

4. The more of these that they have in common, the more closely related they are Ex: Ursus arctos (grizzly bear) Ursus maritimus (polar bear) Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Giant panda) Who is more closely related?

5. B INOMIAL N OMENCLATURE - 2 PART NAMING use Genus & species Latin names Genus-noun, written first, capitalized Species- adjective, lowercase *both written in italics or underlined Ex: Diplococcus pneumoniae or Homo sapiens

6. P ROBLEMS WITH C OMMON N AMES 1. They don’t tell how organisms are related 2. Misleading 3. Vary from place to place

7. P HYLOGENETIC T REES diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor

8. E VOLUTIONARY C LASSIFICATION Based on: 1. Phylogeny- evolutionary history Modern day vs fossil record 2. Developmental stages- egg, larva, etc. 3. Biochemistry- DNA 4. Behavior- mating rituals, breeding seasons, calls

9. S YNAPOMORPHY - A SHARED, DERIVED CHARACTER The more recently two species diverged from a common ancestor, the more synapomorphies they will share. Unique synapomorphies found only in a single group provide strong evidence for the common ancestry of members of that group.

10. T HE SYNAPOMORPHIC ASTRAGALUS ANKLE BONES OF WHALES (C ETACEANS ) AND CLOVEN - HOOVED MAMMALS (A RTIODACTYLS ) HELPED BIOLOGISTS DETERMINE THAT THESE TWO GROUPS SHARE A RELATIVELY RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR.

11. C LADOGRAMS Diagrams that shows the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms Uses derived characters- characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members

13. VertebraeBony SkeletonFour LimbsAmniotic EggHair Large Holes in Skull SharksX Ray-finned fishXX AmphibiansXXX PrimatesXXXXX RodentsXXXXx CrocodilesXXXX X Dinosaurs & Birdsxxxx x Construct a Cladogram

15. 18-3 K INGDOMS & D OMAINS Robert Whittaker- 5 kingdom system Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Monera Did not address viruses Today: 6 Kingdom System Monera> Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

16. W OESE - 3 D OMAINS Determined by rRNA sequencing 1. Archae- extreme bacteria 2. Bacteria- everyday bacteria 3. Eukarya- (Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)

17. C REATE YOUR OWN K EY :