1. Lesson 4: Descartes; a dualist view
Make a list of everything that makes up ‘you’
What could you get rid of and still be ‘you’?

2. Rene Descartes: biography
Rene Descartes was born in 1596 in France. He studied under Jesuit priests. He studied Aristotelian physics and maths.
He was fascinated with proving his ideas with REASON. He wrote The Meditations on First Philosophy in 1641.
We have met some of ideas before….
But what did he think about the body and soul?

3. Complete the table
Descartes started from a position of Philosophical doubt.
Column B represents ordinary, every day doubt, Column C represents philosophical doubt. Hopefully, for every tick in column B you also have a tick in column C. However the reverse is not true.
For Descartes, this was an academic exercise. He wanted to use scepticism to help him understand what he could be certain of.

4. The Cogito ‘cogito ergo sum’ What does this mean?
Through a process of elimination, Descartes decides that the only thing that he cannot doubt is:
‘cogito ergo sum’
I think therefore I am.
What does this mean?
What is the ‘I’ that Descartes is referring to?

5. Body and Mind
Descartes makes distinctions between things that are mind and things that are the body. Examples are:
Can be known a priori
Can be known a posteriori
Dubitable
Indubitable
Unextended
Takes up space
Indivisible
Divisible
Takes up no space
Extended

6. Relationship between mind and body
They are independent substances.
They can exist apart and will be separated at death.
In this life they exist in causal interaction with one another.
The body and mind communicate with each other via a small organ in the centre of the brain called the pineal gland
Although distinct substances, the mind and body are in intimate union.
Discuss…

7. Gilbert Ryle
Gilbert Ryle (1900 – 1976) famously criticised Descartes. He described Descartes’ model as ‘the ghost in the machine. He used two different examples to highlight Descartes mistake:

8. Cambridge University Descertes is making a "Category-mistake.”
A foreigner visiting Cambridge for the first time is shown a number of colleges, libraries, playing fields, museums, scientific departments and administrative offices. He then asks "But where is the university? I have seen where the members of the Colleges live, where the Registrar works, where the scientists experiment and the rest. But I have not yet seen the University in which reside and work the members of your University." It has then to be explained to him that the University is not another collateral institution, some ulterior counterpart to the colleges, laboratories and offices which he has seen. The University is just the way in which all that he has already seen is organized. ....

9. Gloves
Similarly, one may say that he bought a left-hand glove and a right-hand glove, but not that he bought a left-hand glove, a right-hand glove and a pair of gloves.
Ryle was a monist. He argued for philosophical behaviourism. He saw all supposed ‘mental’ events as really a way of referring to complex patterns of behaviour.

10. Draw and Label 2 men: Descartes and Ryle
Annotate them both with what they believe about the body and soul.
Then annotate them further with the strengths and weaknesses of their ideas.

11. Strengths and Weaknesses
It seems as though my mind is more than my brain. Mental and Physical realms have different properties. There is no place in the brain where electric simulation can cause a person to believe or decide. Life after death may be possible. Brain damage caused by trauma or disease compromises our mental power.

12. Questions to consider If you side with Ryle What then, is humanity?
Where do we get ideas of Justice, truth and love from?
If you are a materialist, you cannot be a dualist or believe in rebirth, but you could believe in bodily resurrection. Can you explain why?