2. Who Knew? The Flu and YOU! By: Christine Antler and Erin Boyle

3. COLD FLU Stuffy or runny nose Sneezing Sore Throat Cough Fever Headache Fatigue, extreme exhaustion, weakness Cough

4. The Influenza Virus

5. What the heck is a virus? NOT a bacterium Very, very small Must have living cell (host) to survive and replicate Simple: genetic material wrapped in protein shell

6. Hemagglutinin Neuraminidase 8 RNA segments Influenza Structure

7. HHMI movie http://www.hhmi.org/grants/lectures/biointeractive/animations/ infection/inf_middle_frames.htm Influenza Replication

8. Your Immune System: Under Attack! Keeps you healthy Defends your body against invaders Can sense what’s normal (self), and what isn’t (non-self)

9. The Good Guys: B cells

10. Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y How the immune system targets influenza

11. Y Y Y Y Y Lights Out for Influenza! MACROPHAGE

12. Just like an elephant, B cells remember! Immunity: stronger and faster response

13. It’s like an Army...

14. Influenza Can Hide From the Immune System! Influenza alters its spike or knob proteins Memory B cells can’t recognize it anymore old neuraminidasenew neuraminidase new hemagglutininold hemagglutinin

15. How Influenza Changes Its Surface Proteins Small Changes = Drift

16. How Influenza Changes Its Surface Proteins Big Changes = Shift

17. HHMI movie http://www.hhmi.org/grants/lectures/biointeractive/animations/ subunit/sub_middle_frames.htm Influenza Reassortment

18. Prevention and Treatment of Influenza

19. IMMUNITY Vaccines...Ouch! Immune system responds and is then ready for next infection Expose immune system to a defective virus or viral component

20. Live virus is injected into fertilized hen’s egg Vaccine Production Virus-containing fluid is harvested from egg Virus replicates as embryo develops

21. http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/Projects1999/flu/vaccin es.html Vaccine Production

22. Killed Vaccines Also called inactivated vaccines Immune system senses virus, but virus is unable to replicate and spread Virus is killed by injecting a chemical into the egg

23. Live Vaccines Also called attenuated vaccines Virus is still alive, but can’t cause disease

24. Live Vaccines Cont’d Virus designed to grow best at colder temperatures Flu virus weakened at body temperature FluMist™ nasal spray (under development)

25. There must be a better way!!!

26. Subunit Vaccines H (spikes) and/or N (knobs) proteins only Genetic engineering: produce H and N proteins using bacteria or yeast H and N cause immune response

27. DNA Vaccines Y Y Y Y H gene (DNA) Inject into human Human cells produce H protein Immune response to H protein

28. Why do you need to get a new vaccine every year? Influenza alters its H and N all the time!

29. Drugs Drugs target either H or N and inactivate them

30. Inhibitors NEURAMINIDASE (N)HEMAGGLUTININ (H) Virus can enter host cells Virus cannot leave host cell Decreased spread of infection Zanamivir and Oseltamivir Virus cannot enter host cells - Decreased infection Amantadine and Rimantadine

31. Summary Influenza uses H and N proteins to infect cells Body develops immunity after fighting off the virus Influenza changes its H and N to avoid detection Vaccines trick body into developing immunity Antiviral drugs inhibit H and N

32. References and Resources WEBSITES RELATED TO INFLUENZA: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/cold/sick.pdf http://www.med.sc.edu:85/lecture/images/aviron.jpg http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/hasn/no32/images/csleggs.jpg http://www.glycoforum.gr.jp/science/word/gif0009/gd-a06e.jpg http://medyred.sureste.com/fotos/influenza.jpg http://www.sciam.com/2001/0201issue/IMG/working_2.gif http://rex.nci.nih.gov/PATIENTS/INFO_TEACHER/immune_sys/Title.html http://www.odomnet.com/vaccines/introduc.htm http://www.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/stannard/virarch.html http://www.niaid.nih.gov/newsroom/focuson/flu00/background.htm http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/Projects1999/flu/vaccines.html http://129.252.124.240:85/mhunt/flu.htm www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/vaccines_how_why_html

33. References and Resources OTHER WEBSITES: http://www.allenshea.com/gifs/disguise.gif http://www.hemophiliagalaxy.com/1_patients/encyclopedia/images/dna.gif http://pbskids.org/lions/words/images/hen.gi http://www.army.mil/ http://www.oaklandzoo.org/atoz/azeleph.html http://www.leirpoll.com/rubber.htm WEBSITES RELATED TO INFLUENZA CONT’D: http://www.tamiflu.com/ http://www.people.ku.edu/~jbrown/flu.html http://www.people.ku.edu/~jbrown/virus.html http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol4no3/webster.htm http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/fluwatch/index.html

34. BOOKS: Textbook of Influenza. K. G. Nicholson, R. G. Webster, and A. J. Hay. 1998. Blackwell Science Ltd., London. The Invisible Enemy: A Natural History of Viruses. D. H. Crawford. 2000. Oxford University Press, Oxford. The Transmission of Epidemic Influenza. R. E. Hope-Simpson. 1992. Plenum Press, New York. References and Resources