1. Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1

2. Anatomy The branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts Their forms and arrangements

3. Physiology Deals with the functions of body parts What they do and how

4. Human Organism A well-organized unit of body parts

5. Characteristics of Life: (10) *Movement Self-initiated change in position

6. *Responsiveness The ability to sense changes and react *Growth An increase in body size

7. *Reproduction *Respiration Obtaining oxygen and using it in the release of energy from food

8. *Digestion Food chemically changed into forms that can be absorbed by the body

9. *Absorption The passage of substances through membranes *Circulation Movement of body fluids

10. *Assimilation Changing absorbed substances into forms that are chemically different from those that entered the body fluids

11. *Excretion Removal of wastes that are produced by body parts

12. Metabolism Physical and chemical changes in the body

13. Maintenance of Life Organisms need: *Water (the most abundant substance in the body), food, oxygen, heat, pressure

14. Homeostasis The ability to maintain a stable internal environment Ex. shivering, goose bumps, sweat, etc.

15. Levels of Organization: Small to large Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism

16. Body Divisions Axial Portion Head, neck and trunk Appendicular Portion Arms and legs

17. Body Cavities Cavity A natural hollow place within the body Page 8 Figure 1.6 Page 9 Figure 1.7

18. 2 Major Cavities Within the Axial Portion: Dorsal & Ventral Cavities

19. Dorsal Cavity Can be divided into 2 cavities: Cranial-houses brain Spinal-spinal cord

20. Ventral Cavity Divided into 2 cavities: Thoracic-chest Abdominopelvic-abdomen, pelvis

21. Small Head Cavities Oral- teeth, tongue Nasal-right, left nose Orbital-eyes Middle Ear-bones

22. Membrane A thin, soft, pliable layer of tissue Parietal Pleura Membrane that lines the thoracic compartments

23. Visceral Pleura Membrane that lines the lungs

24. Mediastinum Separates the thoracic cavity into 2 compartments The compartments contain right & left lungs

25. Pericardial Membrane Surrounds the heart Peritoneal Membrane The lining membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity

26. Organ Systems Humans consist of several organ systems Made up of organs that work together to provide a specialized function

27. Integumentary System Includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

28. These parts protect underlying tissues and help regulate body temperature. They also house sensory receptors

29. Skeletal System Consists of bones as well as ligaments and cartilage Serve as attachments for muscles Provide protection/support

30. Tissues within bones produce blood cells Muscular System Muscles are the organs of this system

31. By contracting and pulling their ends together, they provide the forces that cause body movements *posture, body heat

32. Nervous System Includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs

33. Nerve cells use chemical signals (nerve impulses) to communicate with each other

34. Endocrine System Includes all glands that secrete chemical messages called Hormones (they travel in fluid)

35. Includes the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, & thymus glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes

36. The endocrine and nervous systems integrate and coordinate to allow the body to act as a unit

37. Digestive System Receives food from outside Converts to useful & simpler molecules to be absorbed & passed on

38. Includes the Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines

39. Respiratory System Provide intake and output of air for the exchanges of gases between blood and air

40. Includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi/lungs

41. Circulatory System It’s a muscular pump that forces blood through vessels Blood transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes

42. Includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood

43. Lymphatic System Carries fluid Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen

44. Lymphatic organs also aid the body in defending the body against infections by removing microorganisms from tissue fluids (WBCs)

45. Lymphocytes Cells of the lymphatic system

46. Urinary System Maintains water, electrolyte and acid-base balances (kidneys) Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

47. Reproductive System Process of producing offspring (progeny) Male: produces/maintains sex cells (sperm)

48. Includes the scrotum, testes, epididymides, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate glands, penis, urethra

49. Female: Provide support and development of embryo and functions in birth process Produce/maintain sex cells (eggs)

50. Includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva

51. Handout on Relative Position!