1. Chapter 1 - Introduction to Chemistry

2. CHEMISTRY & YOU
What is this creature?
Fugu, also known as puffer fish, is a sushi delicacy that can also be lethal.
Recently this toxin has been put to good use, as scientists have discovered that a purified form of it can treat severe pain in cancer patients.

3. Objectives Define Chemistry
Differentiate between the 5 branches of Chemistry
Apply the general plan in solving chemistry word problems

4. SECTIONS 1.1 Chemistry 1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide
1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist
1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry

5. 1.1 Chemistry Vocabulary Matter Chemistry Organic chemistry
Matter – anything that takes up space and has mass
Chemistry – the study of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
Organic Chemistry – the study of all chemicals that contain carbon
Inorganic Chemistry – the study of chemical that do not contain carbon
Biochemistry – the study of processes that take place in organisms
Analytical Chemistry – the study of composition of matter
Physical Chemistry – the area that deals with the mechanism, the rate and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change
Pure Chemistry - the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake
Applied Chemistry – research that is directed toward a practical goal or application
Technology – a system of tools, mechanisms, methods to solve a problem, improve a problem or change a problem
Vocabulary
Matter
Chemistry
Organic chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Biochemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Pure Chemistry
Applied Chemistry
Technology

6. What Is Chemistry?
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
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7. What Is Chemistry?
Chemistry answers many questions you may have about the world you live in.
Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes.
Video – What is Chemistry?

9. 5 Branches of Chemistry Organic Inorganic Analytical Physical
Biochemistry

10. Organic Chemistry – the study of all chemicals that contain carbon
Inorganic Chemistry – the study of chemical that do not contain carbon

11. Biochemistry – the study of processes that take place in organisms
Analytical Chemistry – the study of composition of matter

12. Physical Chemistry – the area that deals with the mechanism, the rate and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change

13. Identify some of the components of
this picture and match it with one of the
Chemistry branches

14. Organic or Inorganic ? Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 Methane CH4
Hydrochloric Acid HCl
Ethane C2H6

15. Do Now
Read each goal and complete the table by filling in one of the five main areas of chemistry.
Goals
Investigating ways to slow down the rusting of steel
Developing a better insulin-delivery system for diabetics
Determining the amount of mercury present in a soil sample
Comparing the hardness of copper and silver
Developing a new carbon-based fiber for clothing

16. Mass vs Weight
Mass: a measure of the amount of matter that an object contains. (SI unit kilogram, kg)
Weight: The force with which the earth pulls on an object. (SI unit Newton, N)

17. Science and Technology
Science  Pure
Does not necessarily have an application.
Technology  Applied
Has practical applications in society.
Engineering.

18. Pure chemistry is the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake.
The chemist does not expect that there will be any immediate practical use for the knowledge.
For example, a chemist who is studying the interaction of molecules

19. Applied chemistry is research that is directed toward a practical goal or application.
In practice, pure chemistry and applied chemistry are often linked.

20. Question: Pure or Applied?
Producing aspirin tablets so that consumers can use them.

21. Technology
Technological development is taking an existing material and finding a use for it.
For example, the adhesive used in post-its was originally created for tape. When they realized it was not effective, they developed post-its.

22. Technology
Many basic items you use every day, such as the sneakers you wear or the cereal you eat, are products of technology.
Technology is a system of tools used to solve a problem
Technology is the means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired.

23. Energy is the ability to do work.

24. 1.2
Energy
Chemists play an essential role in finding ways to conserve energy, produce energy, and store energy.
DO NOW
How is energy produced by chemists? List some types of energy produced.
2. How do people conserve energy?

25. Nature of Energy Energy is involved when: a bird flies.
a bomb explodes.
rain falls from the sky.
electricity flows in a wire.

26. Renewable Energy Resources
Hydroelectric power – flowing water creates energy that can be captured and turned into electricity.
Solar power – produced by collecting sunlight and converting it into electricity.
Biomass – fuel developed from biological material derived from living and nonliving organisms
Geothermal energy – is heat from the earth that can create clean energy

27. Production of Energy
Hydroelectric plants use running water to generate electricity, however they may flood nearby lands and can disrupt the normal flow of water, both of which negatively affect the environment.

28. Wind power is increasingly being used as a clean source of renewable energy.
Turbines harvest wind on wind farms and generate electricity.

29. Solar power is a promising, renewable energy resource than can be turned into electricity, and it is used in many toys and even home heating.

30. Many other alternative energy sources like: geothermal power, which draws upon the earth’s natural heat, and
- biomass, which produces an alternative to gasoline, are being considered in the movement away from fossil fuel dependence.

31. Conservation of Energy
In our everyday lives, we can also work to conserve energy.
Insulating, turning off lights and only using appliances like dishwashers when they are full are just some of the ways people can limit energy use in their homes.
Also, carpooling, bicycling, and taking public transportation are effective energy-saving ideas.

32. 1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist
Scientific Method - a logical approach to the solution of a scientific problem
Observation – the use of senses to obtain an information
Hypothesis – an educated guess
Experiment – a procedure used to verify the hypothesis
Manipulated variable – the variable that you change during an experiment
Responding variable – the variable that is observed during the experiment
Theory - a well tested explanation for a broad set of observations
Scientific Law – a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments
Vocabulary
Scientific Method
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Manipulated variable
Responding variable
Theory
Scientific law

33. Problem solving is a skill you use all the time.
For example, a shopper must make many decisions. Some of those are based on data, like the information on a food label.
The skills you use to solve a word problem in chemistry are not that different from those you use while shopping.

34. 3. Experiment 1. Problem/Question Observation Research 2. Hypothesis
Scientific Method
- a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem.
1. Problem/Question
Observation
Research
- using senses to obtain info.
2. Hypothesis
- a proposed explanation for an observation.
3. Experiment
- a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis.
Control Group
Constants
the group that serves as the standard of comparison.
- the factors that the experimenter attempts to keep the same.

35. 4. Collect and Analyze Results
3. Experiment
- a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis.
Control Group
Constants
the group that serves as the standard of comparison.
- the factors that the experimenter attempts to keep the same.
Manipulated (Independent) Variable
- the variable that you change during an experiment
Responding (Dependent) Variable
- the variable that is observed during the experiment
4. Collect and Analyze Results
5. Conclusion
- a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis.

36. 6. Communicate the Results
Theory - a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations
Scientific Law - a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments.
6. Communicate the Results

37. Scientific Method Steps of the Scientific Method
Definition – A logical, systematic approach to solving problems.
Steps of the Scientific Method
Problem/Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Collect and Analyze Results
Conclusion
Communicate the Results

38. Steps of the Scientific Method
Problem/Question – a question to be answered
Hypothesis – a proposed explanation for an observation
Make observations – using senses
Research your topic of interest.

39. 3. Experiment – a procedure used to test a hypothesis.
Control - the group that serves as the standard of comparison
Manipulated variable – a variable you change
Responding variable – a variable you observe
Constant - all the factors that the experimenter attempts to keep the same

40. 5. Conclusion – analyze experimental results to form theories or laws.
4. Collect and Analyze Results - Include tables, graphs, and photographs.
5. Conclusion – analyze experimental results to form theories or laws.
Theory – a well tested explanation for a broad set of observations
Scientific Law – a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments

41. 6. Communicate the Results - Be prepared to share with an audience - Expect questions from the audience.

42. Theory A well tested explanation for a broad set of observations.
May use models.
May allow predictions.
Theories may change to explain new observations.

43. Law
A statement that summarizes results of observations, but does not explain them.
Changes or is abandoned when contradicted by new experiments.

44. Note:
The order of the steps can vary and additional steps may be added.

45. 1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide
Vocabulary
Materials – Chemists design materials to fit specific needs in the world.
Medicine – Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients
Biotechnology – an applied science that uses techniques to produce or process different things

46. Chemistry Far and Wide
Materials – Chemists design materials to fit specific needs in the world.
Chemistry can supply materials to repair or replace body parts. Artificial hips and knees made from metals and plastics

47. Chemistry Far and Wide
Medicine – Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients.
There are over 2000 prescription drugs.
Drug interactions
There are over 2000 prescription drugs. Many drugs are effective because they interact in a specific way with chemicals in cells. Knowledge of the structure and function of these target chemicals helps a chemist design safe and effective drugs.

48. Chemistry Far and Wide
Biotechnology – applies science to the productions of biological products.
Examples:
Yeast in bread making and alcohol production
Use of beneficial bacteria (penicillin) to kill harmful organisms
Cloning of plants and animals
Artificial insemination
Origins of “biotechnology” emerge in methods of food production and plant and animal breeding
Use of bacteria to produce cheese (food preservation)
Use of natural enzymes in yogurt
Use of yeast to produce bread
Use of fermentation for producing wine and beer

49. Biotechnology Industry
Focuses on a variety of research areas including:
Health/medicine
Food science
Environmental science
Agriscience

50. Agriculture
Agriculture – Chemists help to develop more productive crops and safer, more effective ways to protect crops.
Soil quality testing
Adding fertilizers
Developing insecticides to kill pests
Biochemists modify the genes of plants

51. Agriculture Chemists also help determine when a crop needs water.
1.2
Agriculture
Chemists also help determine when a crop needs water.
If the genes from a jellyfish that glows are transferred to a potato plant, the plant glows when it needs to be watered.
If genes from this jellyfish (Aequaria victoria) are transferred to a potato plant, the plant glows when it needs to be watered. Predicting How does the modified plant help a farmer to conserve water?

55. Solving Numeric Problems Example 1
1. What is the length, in centimeters, of a 10.0-inch ruler, given that there are 2.54 centimeters per inch?

56. Solving Numeric Problems Example 2
2. How many miles are there in 5.0 kilometers, given that there are 0.62 miles per kilometer?

57. Quiz on Chapter 1 Thursday
Study from powerpoint, notes, handouts, worksheets, and homework. Study the key terms
Topics:
Five branches of chemistry
Mass vs Weight
Science and Technology – Pure vs Applied Chemistry
Types of Energy
Medicine, Materials, Biotechnology
Scientific Method – Problem, Hypothesis, Experiment….

58. Why Study Chemistry - 3 Main Reasons
1.) Understand the Natural World
2.) Career Preparation
3.) Becoming an informed citizen

59. Why Study Chemistry? Explaining the Natural World
Satisfy your curiosity…
why cut apples turn brown upon exposure to air.
why the texture of eggs changes from runny to firm as eggs are boiled.
why water expands as it freezes.
why sugar dissolves faster in hot water than in cold water.
why yeast makes bread dough rise.
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60. Why Study Chemistry?
Preparing for a Career
You do not need to have the word chemist in your job title to benefit from understanding chemistry.
Doctor
Nursing
Firefighter
Turf Management
Geothermal Specialist
Engineering
Artist
Chef
Mechanic
Painters
Farmer
Law Enforcement
Professional Hunter
Physical Therapist

61. Assignments Watch the PPT at least 2 times or read the textbook;
Understand and memorize the definitions of all key terms;
Write in your notebook (homework section) the key terms and their definitions and some notes that you consider will help with the “do now” and they will meet the objectives
Solve for yourself all the questions and problems given by the textbook at the end of each section.

62. Assignments Homework check list: Date written on upper right corner;
Title containing homework number, chapter number and the name of the chapter.