1. Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Mass Media Unit IIIB Interest Groups

2. Interest Group n Any organization designed to influence public policy n Collective action by individuals on specific issues to influence policymaking in all levels of government n Prevent action, add/subtract/change policies n Unlike political parties, do not nominate candidates for public office

3. Historical Insight on Interest Groups n Federalist #10 by James Madison –Factions –Pluralism n Constitutional Backing –First Amendment F Freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom to petition government

4. Functions of Interest Groups n Awareness and Education on Issues n Linkage Between People and Government n Provide Information to Government to Enhance Public Policy n Promote Political Participation

5. Incentives to Join an Interest Group n Solidary Incentives –A sense of belonging and companionship n Material Incentives –Direct Material Incentive F Money or monetary-based services –Purposive Incentive F Ideological motivation and ethical actions n Free Rider Problem –Benefits for non-members

6. Strategies of Interest Groups n Influencing Elections n Lobbying n Litigation n Going Public

7. Influencing Elections n Encourage members to vote n Influence party platforms and nominating conventions n Ratings n Political Action Committees (PACs) –Private groups organized to elect certain candidates or spearhead specific issues –Political and financial arms of interest groups –Regulated by FEC and states regarding public disclosure and finances –Super PACs F Unlimited contributions from corporations and unions

8. Lobbying/Lobbyists n Paid representatives of an interest group –Usually lawyers, former congressional staffers, ex- legislators n Tactics –Provide data and information to influence policymakers –Congressional Testimony –Wining and Dining –Campaign Contributions –Grassroots Lobbying F Astroturfing –Coalition Lobbying K Street is a D.C. street home to numerous lobby firms

9. Litigation/Legal Maneuvers n Interest groups and their lobbyists may threaten to sue or sue in court –NAACP sued against segregation leading to landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision n File amicus curiae (friend of the court) briefs to influence judicial decisions

10. Going Public n Direct mailings, media ads, internet blogs n May address issue through criticism n May address issue with favorable promotions n Increase attention and support to issues

11. Regulating Interest Groups n Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 –Required lobbyists to register with Congress if influenced legislation –United States v. Harriss (1954) n Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 –Required lobbyists to register if influencing congressional members, congressional staffers, and executive agencies –Disclose information on members, activities, and finances

12. Types of Interest Groups n Economic Interest Groups n Causes/Ideology n Public Interest Groups

13. Economic Interest Groups n Labor Groups –AFL-CIO –Teamsters Union n Business Groups –National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) –U.S. Chamber of Commerce –Energy Lobby (umbrella term for energy corporations and industries) n Agricultural Groups –American Farm Bureau Federation –National Grange –National Farmers’ Union n Professional Groups –National Education Association (NEA) –American Medical Association (AMA) –American Bar Association (ABA) –Screen Actors Guild (SGA)

14. Ideological & Single Issue Groups n American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) n National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) n National Organization for Women (NOW) n Heritage Foundation n American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) n Moveon.org n Center for Media and Democracy (CMD) n American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) n National Rifle Association (NRA) n National Coalition to Ban Handguns (NCBH) n Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) n National Right To Life Committee (NRLC) n Planned Parenthood n Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) n Christian Coalition n Anti-Defamation League n Sierra Club n Greenpeace n People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) n American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC)

15. Public Interest Groups n Common Cause n League of Women Voters n Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) n American Red Cross n American Automobile Association (AAA)

16. Interest Groups Major Points of Emphasis n Appeal of Interest Groups –Specific issues n Interest Groups Tactics –Lobbying –Litigation –Media