1. Characteristics of Biotic Factors
Made of cells. Consist of levels of organization (cell, tissue, organ, organ system)
Respond and adapt to their environment
Grow and develop
Reproduce - The production of offspring that are similar to the parents.
Use energy. Undergo chemical reactions (metabolism)
Movement. Maintain Homeostasis
Response - An action or change in behavior
that occurs as a result of a stimulus.
Stimulus - A change in an organism’s surroundings
that causes the organism to respond.
Internal stimulus – From within the organism
External stimulus – From outside of the organism

2. Living Needs organ system Energy Water Living Space = competion
Auto = Self
Troph = nutrient feeder
all organisms of the same kind living in one area
Hetero = Different or other
group of different kinds of tissues working together
group of organs working together
one individual living thing
group of similar cells organized to work together
smallest unit of living things
Energy
Water
Living Space = competion
Stable Internal Conditions
population
organism
organ system
Homeostasis - The process by
which an organism’s internal
environment is kept stable in
spite of changes in its external environment.
Autotroph - An organism that makes its own food.
Function - The job or process
that an organism's structure or
part of its structure carries out.
Structure - An organism's body plan, or the way its parts are constructed or arranged.
organ
tissue
Heterotroph - An organism that cannot make its own food.
cell

3. Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

4. Cell History
Robert Hooke –1st to study the structure of the cell (cork) in 1665 (English)
Anton van Leeuwenhoek – Created simple microscopes & discovered bacteria (Dutch )
Schleiden and Schwann –1830’s plant & animals are made of cells (German )
Francesco Redi - Italian scientist mid-1600s attempt
Louis Pasteur - French mid-1800’s spontaneous generation
Spontaneous generation - The mistaken idea that living things arise from nonliving sources.

5. Cell Structure & Function

6. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell

7. Over 200 different types of human cells Erythrocytes Fibroblasts
Epithelial cells
(a) Cells that connect body parts,
form linings, or transport gases
Nerve cell
Skeletal
Muscle
cell
Smooth
muscle cells
(e) Cell that gathers information
and control body functions
(b) Cells that move organs and
body parts
Sperm
Macrophage
(f) Cell of reproduction
Fat cell
(c) Cell that stores nutrients
(d) Cell that
fights disease

8. Generalized Cell Human cells have three basic parts:
All cells have some common structures and functions
Human cells have three basic parts:
Plasma membrane—flexible outer boundary
Cytoplasm—intracellular fluid containing organelles
Nucleus—control center

9. Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
~ 1/10 the size of eukaryotic cells
Large compared to prokaryotic cells
Nuclear area not membrane bound called the nucleoid
Membrane bound nucleus w/ a nucleolus
Single circular DNA
Many chromosomes w/ linear DNA
No membrane bound organelles
MB: Golgi, lysosomes, ER, peroxisomes, mitochondria

10. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Similarities
Both have ribosomes and cytoplasm
Both require a supply of energy
Both have DNA as their genetic material
Both are covered by a plasma (cell) membrane
Both are made from the same basic chemicals: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, minerals, fats and vitamins.
Both regulate the flow of the nutrients and wastes that enter and leave them

11. Prokaryotic Do not have structures surrounded by membranes
An organism whose cells lack a true nucleus and
Some other cell structures.
Do not have structures surrounded by membranes
Few internal structures
EX: Bacteria
Unicellular = one Celled

12. Eukaryotic An organism with cells that contain nuclei and
other cell structures.
Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
Most living organisms
Plant
Animal
Multicellular = Many cells

13. Chromatin
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Plasma
membrane
Mitochondrion
Cytosol
Lysosome
Centrioles
Centrosome
matrix
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Secretion being
released from cell
by exocytosis
Cytoskeletal
elements
• Microtubule
• Intermediate
filaments
Peroxisome

14. Organelles – Small cell structures
Cell Parts
Organelles – Small cell structures

15. Surrounding the Cell

16. Cell Membrane All cells contain a cell membrane
Controls movement in and out of the cell (food and oxygen move into the cell, wastes move out)
Double layer

17. Cell Wall a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
The outermost structure of the plant cell
Supports & protects plants cells
Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria

18. Inside the Cell

19. Nucleus
Directs cell activities because it contains genetic material – DNA
“Brains” of the cell
Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane

20. Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers
Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus
Openings (pores) allow material to enter and leave nucleus

21. A rod-shaped cellular structure made of
Chromosomes
A rod-shaped cellular structure made of
condensed chromatin
In nucleus
Made of DNA
Contain instructions to make proteins that result in traits & characteristics

22. Nucleolus Inside nucleus Creates ribosomes
Contains RNA to build proteins

23. Cytoplasm Gel-like mixture – 80% water
Located between the nucleus and cell membrane
Many organelles found suspended within the cytoplasm (holds organelles in place)
Cyto = cell
Plasm = to form or mold

24. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transport system (highway system in the cell)
Moves materials
Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface

25. Ribosomes Make proteins
Each cell contains thousands - found on ER & floating throughout the cytoplasm

26. Mitochondria
Produces energy through chemical reactions – THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL
Where Cellular Respiration occurs
Controls level of water and other materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

27. Golgi Bodies Packaging and shipping
Sorts, modifies, stores, packages & distribute materials
Move materials within & out of the cell

28. Lysosome
Contain digestive enzymes to digest nutrients – breaks down old cell parts, bacteria, and viruses
Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal
Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

29. Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
Contains water solution
Help plants maintain shape

30. Chloroplast Usually found in plant cells Contains green chlorophyll
Where photosynthesis takes place (absorbs the suns light energy and converts it to chemical energy)