1. Unit 1

2.  Renaissance= “Rebirth”  1350-1550  Changes in Politics, Economics, Society, Religion  Renaissance will eventually spread throughout Europe

3.  Milan  Lead by the Sforza Family  Citizens taxed heavily  Venice  Trading hub in Europe  Florence  Ruled by the Medici Family  Hub of the Renaissance

4.  Powerful banking family from Florence  Took control during a economic crisis in Florence  Would rule Florence through the end of the Renaissance

5. Cosimo de’ MediciLorenzo de’ Medici

6.  Why do you think that the Medicis had such as easy time taking power in Florence during the Renaissance?

7.  Book written by Niccolo Machiavelli  Written to show how to obtain and keep political power  Also showed rulers how to act  “One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit.”

9.  Based on the study of the classics (Greece & Rome)  Studied grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history  People should develop their own talents through many activities: politics, sports, & arts  Petrarch called the father of humanism  Began the search for forgotten manuscripts to study. Others followed.

10.  Most famous architect was Brunelleschi  Best known for the dome  Completed the Cathedral of Florence  Considered to be one of the greatest engineering feats of all time

12.  Leonardo da Vinci  Mona Lisa  The Last Supper  Michelangelo  David  Donatello  St. Mark  Raphael  School of Athens

13.  Known as the “Renaissance Man”  Painter, sculptor, scientist, inventor  Inventions included flying machines and parachutes  Sketches included anatomically correct human diagrams

16.  Why do you think that Leonardo da Vinci played such an important role in the Renaissance? Why do we still study him today?

17.  Best known for his statue of David  Commissioned by Pope Julius II to paint the Sistine Chapel

20.  Criticized the society of Europe during the Renaissance  He compared it to an idealistic society where people were prosperous and equal called a Utopia

21.  Why is the idea of a “utopia” an impossible idea?

22.  1500-1600?  Martin Luther  b. 1483 German Monk  Nearly struck by lightning, thought this was God’s way of punishing him. This begins his extreme devotion to his religion.  Believed in “justification by faith”= person could be made good simply by faith in God’s mercy and love

24.  Indulgences= pardon sold by Catholic Church to reduce one’s punishment of sins  Basically a “get out of jail free card”  Sold by Pope Leo X to get money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica  “Once you hear the money’s ring, the soul from purgatory is free to spring.” *  Purgatory= place in the afterlife where people are made fit for heaven

25.  Why was the selling of indulgences such a problem to the people of Europe?

26.  Medici Pope  Son of Lorenzo d’ Medici  Appointed Cardinal at age 13  Pictured with Guilio d’ Medici and Luigi d’ Rossi *

27.  October 31 st, 1517  Martin Luther nails the 95 theses (statements criticizing the sale of indulgences)  Copies spread throughout Germany  Sales of indulgences fell

29.  Luther was excommunicated in 1521 by Pope Leo X  Definition= the process of depriving a person to the rights of church membership  Simply= “removal from the church”

30.  After excommunication, Luther translated the Bible into German. This provided a low cost, easily accessible version of the Bible to the people of Germany.

32.  No Dancing!  Austerity=the act of being simple or unadorned (i.e. lack of jewelry, etc)  Study the Bible!  Public Confessions

33.  Initiated the practice of Baptizing  Began burning books, seized private property, practiced polygamy (literally=many loves)  Catholics and Lutherans joined forces and crushed the Anabaptists

34. Bed of Spikes->

35.  King of England during the 1500’s  Married to Catherine of Aragon (Present day France)  Asked pope for divorce, due to the lack of male heir. Believed that new wife would produce son  Pope refused due to the fact that Catherine’s nephew was Holy Roman Emperor  Removes the Catholic Church as official Church of England and joins Protestant church

36.  How did Henry VIII promote the spread of Protestantism in England?

38.  Woman that Henry wanted to marry after the divorce of Catherine  This was unsuccessful, Anne had a girl  Henry had her head cut off so he could marry his next wives (4 more in total)

40.  Because of the growing strength of the Protestant Church, the Catholic Church agreed that some change was necessary  1530-1563  Pope Paul III set up the Council of Trent to rework the principles of the church

42.  Forbid the sale of indulgences  Established the “seminary”- schools set up by the Catholic church to educate the clergy  Catholic Latin version of the Bible the only true version

44.  Catholic Church revitalized  Church began to commission art  Better educated clergy strengthened church

45.  Baroque= ornate, dramatic artistic style developed in Europe in the 1550’s  Expressed emotion, complexity, and dramatic effects

47.  1555- Holy Roman Emperor Charles V realized that he could not stop the spread of Protestantism and signed the Peace of Augsburg  Stated that each prince could legally choose the religion of his subjects. This divided Europe between the Protestant North and the Catholic South