1. Dr. Jeremy Whitlock Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (Chalk River, Ontario) Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (Chalk River, Ontario)

2. Chalk River Laboratories

3. GENERATOR TRANSFORMER ELECTRICAL GRID WATER STEAM WIND TURBINE HOW DO WE MAKE ELECTRICITY? “Hydro” “Wind” “Fossil” “Nuclear”

4. “THERMAL POWER STATIONS” “Fossil” “Nuclear”

5. Fossil 13% Nuclear 59% Nuclear 16% Hydro 59% Fossil 23% Canada Ontario Where does our electricity come from? Hydro 24% Wind 2% Wind 4%

6. Nuclear energy

7. “CANDU”: Canada Deuterium Uranium “One of Canada’s top ten engineering achievements of the past century” Canadian engineering centennial, 1987 (EIC, CCPE, ACEC) (Other nine: CPR railway, St. Lawrence seaway, Polymer Corp. synthetic rubber, oil sands development, Hydro Quebec HV transmission system, Beaver aircraft Alouette satellite, Bombardier snowmobile, trans-Canada telephone network)

8. Let’s look under the hood …

11. Nuclear fission happens here

12. Nuclear fission  “splitting the atom” 50,000 atoms would fit across even the thinnest human hair Everything is made of billions of atoms: nucleus (> 99% mass)

13. protons neutrons Inside the nucleus: PROTONS and NEUTRONS

14. 1 uranium atom 2 “fission products” 2 “fission products” 1 neutron 2 or 3 more neutrons Heat ! Okay, let’s go fission!

15. BUT… first we need to slow those neutrons down! Uranium Water (lots of hydrogen atoms) Slow Neutrons Fast Neutrons Speed: about 1 km/s Speed: about 10,000 km/s (~ 10% speed of light)

16. Let’s build a nuclear reactor!

17. HEAVY WATER (moderator) HEAVY WATER (coolant) URANIUM FUEL

18. CONTROL RODS HEAVY WATER (moderator) HEAVY WATER (coolant) URANIUM FUEL

19. Refueling without shutting down

20. Fueling machine replaces: 110 fuel bundles per week a pair of bundles in 2½ hrs

21. STEAM GENERATOR

22. “Very Heavy Lift” (VHL) mobile crane 350 tonne steam generator Darlington station

23. CANDU fuel bundle 50 cm

24. UO 2 Fuel Pellets Fuel Pellet: 10 of these provide one home’s electricity for a year

25. “Calandria”

29. Qinshan, China

31. Point Lepreau turbine-generator (NB)

36. CANDU Spent-Fuel On-Site Storage: water-filled bays (short term)

37. CANDU Spent-Fuel On-Site Storage: Modular above-ground air-cooled concrete bunkers (long term)

38. Long-Term Management: “Adaptive Phased Management”

39. Mining (Saskatchewan) Milling (Saskatchewan) Refining (Blind River) Short-term Storage Electricity Generation (40-60 years) Conversion (Port Hope) Medium-term Storage Long-term Management 500 m

40. Pickering, Ontario (1971-73, 1983-86) Darlington, Ontario (1990-93) Bruce, Ontario (1977-79, 1985-87) Pt. Lepreau, New Brunswick (1983) Gentilly 1 and 2, Quebec (1971, 1983) Nuclear Power Demonstration (NPD), Ontario (1962) CANDU in Canada Douglas Point, Ontario (1966)

41. CANDU around the world Wolsong, South Korea (1982, 1997-99) Embalse, Argentina (1984) Cernavoda, Romania (1996, 2006, …?) Rajasthan, India (1973, 1982) Rajasthan, India (1973, 1982) Kanupp, Pakistan (1972) Qinshan, China (2002-03)

42. 1 CANDU fuel bundle (50 cm long, 23 kg) = Total electricity needs of a family for 100 years Nuclear Energy doesn’t use much fuel

43. 400 tonnes coal 60,000 gal oil = 10 million ft 3 natural gas = 1000 tonnes CO 2 1 tonne particulates 8 tonnes acid gas = 1 CANDU fuel bundle (50 cm long, 23 kg) 600 tonnes CO 2 1 tonne acid gas Nuclear Energy doesn’t use much fuel … or generate much waste!

44. What else can we do with nuclear energy? Nuclear medicine!

45. Using radiation to diagnose disease and fight cancer

46. Chalk River Laboratories

47. NRU Research Reactor (AECL Chalk River)

48. Thank you! Canadian Nuclear Laboratories: www.cnl.ca “The Canadian Nuclear FAQ”: www.nuclearfaq.ca