1. The Polytomous Unidimensional Rasch Model: Understanding its Response Structure and Process ACSPRI Social Science Methodology Conference, Sydney, December 2006 Mailing address David Andrich Murdoch University Murdoch 6150 Western Australia Email: andrich@murdoch.edu.auandrich@murdoch.edu.au

2. Acknowledgements The research was supported in part by an Australian Research Council Linkage grant with the Australian National Ministerial Council on Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs (MCEETYA) Performance Measurement and Reporting Task Force; UNESCO’s International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), and the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) as Industry Partners.

3. Ingredient 1 Invariance of comparisons Rasch’s requirement for invariance of parameters estimates leads to models with sufficient statistics The model for dichotomous responses is a special case

4. Ingredient 2 Standard formats

5. Ingredient 3 The dichotomous Rasch model Criterion The dichotomous model

6. The Item Characteristic Curves and thresholds

7. Ingredient 4 The Guttman Structure

8. Ingredient 5 Design of an experiment

9. Experimentally independent responses

10. Requirements of data 1. The success rate at P is greater than that at C, and that the success rate at C is turn be greater than at D 2. Relative success rates are independent of the locations of the essays on the continuum. (The dichotomous Rasch model)

11. Ingredient 6 Analysis of Sample Spaces

12. The complete response space patterns

14. The Guttman subspace

15. Define

16. A sub subspace

17. Probability of a response in the Guttman Space

18. The doubly conditioned outcome space

19. Reverse Process Let Define Then Indicating the model is the same

20. Inferring an experimentally independent outcome space Given the Guttman space, we infer the existence of a complete space of which is a subspace. In this complete space we can infer experimentally independent responses.

21. Construction and interpretation of the PRM Let

22. The PRM

23. Equivalences of corresponding thresholds in the spaces

24. Simulation 1

25. Category and latent dichotomous probabilities

26. Simulation 2

27. Category and latent dichotomous probability curves