1. WHAT AFFECTS STUDENT PERFORMANCE? S A NAND, G RAMENER

2. D OES YOUR NAME MATTER ? When I was young, I thought I was unlucky. My name starts with "A". I used to get called very early for questions, submissions, etc. in class. Often I was unprepared, and didn't do as well as classmates whose name started with "V". Later, I was told this was an advantage, as I'd always learn to be prepared. Does the first letter of the name actually affect the marks? “

3. 2005 First letter marks APVDSNKRBGMAPVDSNKRBGM VAPDSKNBRGMVAPDSKNBRGM 59.2% 59.9% 58.9% 58.8% 57.9% 56.3% 56.2% 56.1% 55.4% 54.5% 54.4% 66.5% 65.9% 65.8% 65.2% 64.3% 64.0% 63.4% 62.8% 62.6% 61.5% 61.1% 2011 First letter marks Why is this? Is this pattern distinguishable from randomness? Source: Karnataka State Board exams (8 – 8.5 lakh students per year)

4. Jain Harini Shweta SnehaPooja Ashwin Shah Deepti Sanjana Varshini Ezhumalai Venkatesan Silambarasan Pandiyan Kumaresan Manikandan Thirupathi Agarwal Kumar Priya

5. WHAT ABOUT ASTROLOGY?

6. Based on the results of the 20 lakh students taking the Class XII exams at Tamil Nadu over the last 3 years, it appears that the month you were born in can make a difference of as much as 120 marks out of 1,200. June borns score the lowest The marks shoot up for Aug borns … and peaks for Sep-borns 120 marks out of 1200 explainable by month of birth An identical pattern was observed in 2009 and 2010… … and across districts, gender, subjects, and class X & XII. “It’s simply that in Canada the eligibility cut- off for age-class hockey is January 1. A boy who turns ten on January 2, then, could be playing alongside someone who doesn’t turn ten until the end of the year—and at that age, in preadolescence, a twelve-month gap in age represents an enormous difference in physical maturity.” -- Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers

7. Pattern of “births” in India is skewed This is a birth date dataset that’s obtained from school admission data for over 10 million children. When we compare this with births in the US, we see none of the same patterns. For example, Is there an aversion to the 13 th or is there a local cultural nuance? Are holidays avoided for births? Which months have a higher propensity for births, and why? Are there any patterns not found in the US data? Very few children are born in the month of August, and thereafter. Most births are concentrated in the first half of the year We see a large number of children born on the 5 th, 10 th, 15 th, 20 th and 25 th of each month – that is, round numbered dates Such round numbered patterns a typical indication of fraud. Here, birthdates are brought forward to aid early school admission More birthsFewer births … on average, for each day of the year (from 2007 to 2013)

8. This adversely impacts children’s marks It’s a well established fact that older children tend to do better at school in most activities. Since many children have had their birth dates brought forward, these younger children suffer. The average marks of children “born” on the 1 st, 5 th, 10 th, 15 th etc. of the month tend to score lower marks. Are holidays avoided for births? Which months have a higher propensity for births, and why? Are there any patterns not found in the US data? Higher marksLower marks … on average, for children born on a given day of the year (from 2007 to 2013) Children “born” on round numbered days score lower marks on average, due to a higher proportion of younger children

9. P ERFORMANCE : B OYS VS G IRLS

10. What do the children in schools know and can do at different stages of elementary education? Have the inputs made into the elementary education system had a beneficial effect or not?

11. The report studies response distribution Number of siblingsComputer usage Number of books readPrivate tuition

12. LET’S STUDY WHAT AFFECTS THEIR ABILITIES

13. Having books improves reading ability Having more books at home improves the performance of children when it comes to reading. (But children typically only have only 1-10 books at home) Number of students sampled What is the impact? How many more marks can having more books fetch? Circle size indicates number of students with this response. Few students have no books. Is this response (“25+ books”) good or bad? Small red bars indicate low marks. Large green bars indicate high marks. Students having 25+ books tend to score high marks. The most common response is marked in blue. This is also the circle. The graphic is summarized in words Indicates whether the best response is the most popular. Blue means that it is not. Green means that it is. Red means that the worst level is the most popular response.

14. … but the impact in science is less While having more books improves the reading % score by 8%, it only increases the science % by 4%

15. Having more siblings doesn’t help reading Children with 1 sibling do much better than children with many siblings

16. … but helps a lot in mathematics Children with 4+ siblings do very well, children with 1 sibling fare poorly

17. Tuitions help a little … but not children with 4+ siblings

18. Tuitions help a little … but not children of illiterate parents

19. Children like games, and they’re good … but playing daily hurts reading ability

20. Watching TV occasionally is good Children who watch TV every day don’t do as well as children who watch TV only once a week. But children who never watch TV fare the worst. Watching TV every day helps improve children’s reading ability a little bit more… … but mathematical abilities fall dramatically at that point

21. Reading books every day is not good Reading magazines every day seems to be

22. But having educated parents helps most This table shows the % improvement in score due to each factor

23. Its impact is less with more children The same holds for mother’s education

24. Fathers help their boys study … but mothers help the girls … except in mathematics

25. We have a website that you can explore GRAMENER.COM/NAS

26. WHAT NEXT? How does school / teacher behaviour affect marks? What topics pose hurdles to different segments? Group questions into topics based on similarity of student answers? Group students into segments based on similarity of answers? EXPLORE & LEARN FROM DATA