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Biology
Biology
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2. 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering
Photo credit: ©Anup Shah/Dembinsky Photo Associates
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The Good With the Bad
The manipulation of DNA allows scientists to do some interesting things. Scientists have developed many transgenic organisms, which are organisms that contain genes from other organisms. Recently, scientists have removed a gene for green fluorescent protein from a jellyfish and tried to insert it into a monkey.
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4. ANDi is a Transgenic Monkey
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1. Transgenic animals are often used in research. What might be the benefit to medical research of a mouse whose immune system is genetically altered to mimic some aspect of the human immune system?
2. Transgenic plants and animals may have increased value as food sources. What might happen to native species if transgenic animals or plants were released into the wild?
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1. Transgenic animals are often used in research. What might be the benefit to medical research of a mouse whose immune system is genetically altered to mimic some aspect of the human immune system?
Students may say that a mouse with a humanlike immune system would be a good laboratory model for immune research.
2. Transgenic plants and animals may have increased value as food sources. What might happen to native species if transgenic animals or plants were released into the wild?
Transgenic organisms might disrupt normal balances in ecosystems and could breed with natural populations, changing them.
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Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic Organisms
An organism described as transgenic, contains genes from other species.
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Transgenic Organisms
How are transgenic organisms useful to human beings?
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Transgenic Organisms
Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of biotechnology.
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Transgenic Organisms
Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of biotechnology
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Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic Animals
Transgenic animals have been used to study genes and to improve the food supply.
Mice have been produced with human genes that make their immune systems act similarly to those of humans. This allows scientists to study the effects of diseases on the human immune system.
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Transgenic Organisms
Researchers are trying to produce transgenic chickens that will be resistant to the bacterial infections that can cause food poisoning.
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Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic Plants 
Transgenic plants are now an important part of our food supply.
Many of these plants contain a gene that produces a natural insecticide, so plants don’t have to be sprayed with pesticides.
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Cloning
Cloning
A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.
In 1997, Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep called Dolly.
Dolly and Bonnie
The adult sheep is Dolly, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. The lamb is Dolly’s first offspring, called Bonnie. The fact that Dolly was cloned did not affect her ability to produce a live offspring. Photo Credit: PA News
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Cloning
Cloning Dolly
Donor Nucleus
Fused cell
Egg Cell
In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. 
Embryo
Cloned Lamb
Foster Mother
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Cloning
Cloning Dolly
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Cloning
Cloning Dolly
In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. 
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Cloning
Cloning Dolly
In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. 
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Cloning
Cloning Dolly
In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. 
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Cloning
Cloning Dolly
In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. 
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Cloning
Cloning Dolly
In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. 
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Cloning
Researchers hope cloning will enable them to make copies of transgenic animals and help save endangered species.
Studies suggest that cloned animals may suffer from a number of genetic defects and health problems.
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Figure Cloning of the First Mammal
Section 13-4
A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder.
Donor Nucleus
These two cells are fused using an electric shock.
Fused Cell
Egg Cell
The nucleus of the egg cell is removed.
An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep.
The fused cell begins dividing normally.
Cloned Lamb
Embryo
The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly
The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother.
Foster Mother
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25. Flowchart Cloning Section 13-4
A body cell is taken from a donor animal.
An egg cell is taken from a donor animal.
The nucleus is removed from the egg.
The body cell and egg are fused by electric shock.
The fused cell begins dividing, becoming an embryo.
The embryo is implanted into the uterus of a foster mother.
The embryo develops into a cloned animal.
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13–4
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13–4
Insulin-dependent diabetes can now be treated with insulin produced through the use of
transgenic plants.
transgenic animals.
transgenic microorganisms.
transgenic fungi.
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13–4
Transgenic tobacco plants that glow in the dark were produced by transferring the gene for luciferase from a
clone.
bacterium.
firefly.
jellyfish.
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13–4
The first mammal to be cloned was a
sheep.
horse.
dog.
cat.
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13–4
In producing a cloned animal, an egg cell is taken from a female and its nucleus is removed. A body cell is taken from a male. The clone from this experiment will
look just like the female.
be genetically identical to the male.
have a mixture of characteristics from both animals.
resemble neither the male nor the female.
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13–4
Animals produced by cloning have been shown to
all be perfectly healthy.
suffer from a number of health problems.
live longer than uncloned animals.
be less intelligent than uncloned animals.
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