1. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures Fourth Edition CHAPTER 12 The Medieval Synthesis—and Its Cracks 1215–1340 Copyright © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin’s Lynn Hunt Thomas R. Martin Barbara H. Rosenwein Bonnie G. Smith

2. I. The Church’s Mission A. Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council 1. Innocent III and the Creation of the Council 2. The Laity and the Sacraments 3. Labeling the Jews 4. The Suppression of Heretics

4. I. The Church’s Mission B. The Inquisition 1. Purposes of the Inquisition 2. The Inquisition in Action

5. I. The Church’s Mission C. Lay Piety 1. Preaching Friars and Receptive Townspeople 2. The Piety of Women

6. I. The Church’s Mission D. Jews and Lepers as Outcasts 1. Jews Exploited and Expelled 2. Fearing the Contamination of Lepers

8. II. Reconciling This World and the Next A. The Achievement of Scholasticism 1. Reconciling Faith and Reason 2. St. Thomas Aquinas 3. Later Scholastics

9. II. Reconciling This World and the Next B. New Syntheses in Writing and Music 1. Vernacular Literature Comes of Age: Dante Alighieri 2. Polyphony and the Motet

10. II. Reconciling This World and the Next C. Gothic Art 1. Stained Glass 2. Sculpture 3. Painting

11. III. The Politics of Control A. The Weakening of the Empire 1. The Papacy and the German Emperors 2. The Rule of Frederick II 3. The Consequences of Frederick’s Failure

13. III. The Politics of Control B. Louis IX and a New Ideal of Kingship 1. Louis and the Paternal Ideal of Kingship 2. The Reign of Louis IX

15. III. The Politics of Control C. The Birth of Representative Institutions 1. Spanish Cortes 2. English Parliament

16. III. The Politics of Control D. The Weakening of the Papacy 1. Taxing the Clergy 2. The King’s New Tools: Propaganda and Public Opinion 3. Papal Defeat 4. The Avignon Papacy

18. III. The Politics of Control E. The Rise of the Signori 1. The Struggle for Power in the Italian Communes 2. The Rise of the Regional Nobility in Italy

19. III. The Politics of Control F. The Mongol Takeover 1. The Golden Horde in Russia 2. The Opening of China to Europeans

21. III. The Politics of Control G. The Great Famine 1. Hunger and Its Effects 2. Reactions to the Famine 3. Social Causes and Consequences of the Great Famine