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Organic Gardening
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Rodale’s The organic gardener’s bible http://www.rodaleinstitute.org/ http://www.rodaleinstitute.org/
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National Organic Program Developed national organic standards and established an organic certification program http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/nop
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National Organic Program Organic crops are raised without most conventional pesticides petroleum-based fertilizers sewage sludge-based fertilizers
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National Organic Program Prohibits GMOs As a general rule, natural substances are allowed Synthetic substances prohibited
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Does Natural Mean Organic? Natural and organic are not interchangeable Free-range, hormone-free, and natural don't mean “organic”
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Certification Accredited by USDA-accredited certifying agents The information an applicant must submit organic system plan substances used record keeping
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Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) National nonprofit organization that determines which products are allowed for use in organic production OMRI products http://www.omri.org/
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Crop Scheduling Burpee http://www.burpee.com/gygg/growingCal endarWithZipCode.jsp?catid=1000&_reques tid=647487 http://www.burpee.com/gygg/growingCal endarWithZipCode.jsp?catid=1000&_reques tid=647487 Southeastern States http://www.thegrower.com/south-east- vegetable-guide/pdf/ http://www.thegrower.com/south-east- vegetable-guide/pdf/ Clemson http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/pl ants/vegetables/gardening/hgic1256.html http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/pl ants/vegetables/gardening/hgic1256.html
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Log Gardening Hugelkultur Bury logs in a mound Retain moisture Decomposition provides Nutrients Aeration Boosts microorganisms
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Heirloom Plants Open-pollinated Grown in an “earlier era” Before 1951, before hybridization became popular Better flavor
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Cover Crop http://www.clemson.edu/sustainableag/I P024_covercrop.pdf http://www.clemson.edu/sustainableag/I P024_covercrop.pdf
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Cover Crop Catch Crop Reduce nutrient leaching
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Cover Crop Improve soil Increases organic matter in soil Improves soil structure Increases microbial activity
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Cover Crop Nature’s fertilizers Nitrogen production from legumes Clover, beans, peas, vetch
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Cover Crop Rooting can aerate soil Blue lupine a biological plow in compacted soils
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Cover Crop Weed suppression Smother weeds Allelopathic effects Inhibit or slow growth of weeds by releasing natural toxins, or allelochemicals Small grains (rye), sorghum, sudangrass
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Companion Planting Certain combinations have synergistic effects Improve growth Prevent pests Attract beneficials
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Companion Planting Rose and garlic Tomatoes and cabbage Corn and beans
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Crop Rotation Don’t grow the same crop in the same soil year after year
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Crop Rotation The longer the rotation, the better the results 4-year rotation: Corn, soybeans, oats, alfalfa Break up insect and disease life cycles Reduce weeds Improve soil nutrition
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Crop Rotation Iowa State University Marsden Farm rotation experiment started in 2003 The longer rotations produced better yields Reduced fertilizer/herbicides up to 88% http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/201 2/10/19/a-simple-fix-for- food/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_php=tru e&_type=blogs&_r=1 http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/201 2/10/19/a-simple-fix-for- food/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_php=tru e&_type=blogs&_r=1
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Organic v. Conventional Standford study suggests no health benefit However, do recognize reduced exposure to synthetic pesticides, growth hormones and GMO http://med.stanford.edu/ism/2012/septe mber/organic.html http://med.stanford.edu/ism/2012/septe mber/organic.html
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http://gothamgreens.com/our-farm/
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http://brightfarms.com/s/#!/retail_partner s
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Vegetable Gardening Minimum of six hours of sunlight Best with eight to ten hours Leafy crops, like lettuce, are more tolerant of shade
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Three Sister’s Garden Sweet corn planted first Green beans planted a week later Climb the corn stalks Beans are legumes Fix nitrogen
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Three Sister’s Garden Squash planted a week later between the corn and beans to shade out weeds
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Square Foot Gardening Grid pattern to conserve space Often raised beds http://timssquarefootgarden.com http://timssquarefootgarden.com
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Organic Gardening Compost Yard and food wastes make up approximately 30% of the waste stream in the United States
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Compost Transforming organic matter into soil-like material Invertebrates (insects and earthworms) and microorganisms (bacteria and fungi)
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Compost Improves Aeration Water retention Increase microbes
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Compost Fast or active composting done in 2 to 6 weeks
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Carbon-to-Nitrogen(C:N) Bacteria and fungi digest carbon as an energy source and ingest nitrogen for protein synthesis Carbon, the "food" Nitrogen, the digestive enzymes
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Carbon-to-Nitrogen(C:N) Brown Carbon Green Nitrogen
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Carbon-to-Nitrogen(C:N) 30:1 (carbon to nitrogen) (Clemson) 30 pounds of carbon for every 1 pound of nitrogen Another source reports 4 parts brown to 1 part green
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Carbon-to-Nitrogen(C:N) Too much carbon, turns cold Too much nitrogen, stinks (ammonia gas)
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Carbon-to-Nitrogen(C:N) Carbon are “browns” Leaves Dried grass clippings Straw Sawdust (moderation) Nitrogen are “greens” Fresh grass clippings Fresh manure Kitchen scraps (fruit, vegetables, coffee grounds, tea bags)
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Materials to NOT Compost Meat Attract scavengers Ashes from grill Dog and cat feces Disease risk And it stinks
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Surface Area Decomposition takes place when particle surfaces are in contact with air Chopping, shredding, mowing, or breaking up the material Increased surface area increases decomposition And heat
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Aeration Decomposition consumes oxygen Aerobic decomposition Anaerobic decomposition occurs with low oxygen Stinks Turn pile frequently Pitchfork
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Moisture Moisture content of 40-60 percent Below 40%, microbial activity slows Above 60%, anaerobic decomposition
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Temperature Microorganisms generate heat as they decompose organic material 90F to 140F is ideal Activity slows down if too low or too high
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Vermicomposting Worm composting Redworms 50F to 70F
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Vermicomposting Worms transform food wastes into nutrient- rich "castings“ http://www.unclejimswormfarm.com http://www.unclejimswormfarm.com
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Vermicomposting Box or bin along with "bedding" of shredded cardboard and/or paper moistened to about 75% water content
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Vermicomposting Consume four to six pounds of food scraps per week About four to six months, the worms will have converted all of the bedding into "castings"
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Compost Tea Soaking bag of compost in a bucket of water for an hour Water soluble nutrients and beneficial microorganisms leach out Boost microorganisms in soil
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http://europeangarden.com/aerobin400. aspx http://europeangarden.com/aerobin400. aspx
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http://grist.org/locavore/for-new-yorkers-a- farmers-market-on-your-phone/
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http://afristarfoundation.org/educational- resources/ http://afristarfoundation.org/educational- resources/
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http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la -sci-gmo-food-safety-studies- 20121025,0,2357100.story http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la -sci-gmo-food-safety-studies- 20121025,0,2357100.story
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