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Tip of the tongue state sematics
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What do these words mean? ● Fecundity
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What do these words mean? ● Fecundity ● Amalgam
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What word fits this definition? What do call someone who gives their life for a cause
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What word fits this definition? What do you call false testimony under oath?
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What word fits this definition? What do you call people who explore caves?
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Tip of the tongue ● How can you get someone into it? – Riefer(2002): Asked participants to name TV show based either one theme song or on picture of cast members
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Tip of the tongue ● Does it matter if ToT is produced visually or verbally?
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Tip of the tongue ● Does it matter if ToT is produced visually or verbally?
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Tip of the tongue ● Are TOTs universal? Can you have them even if you are not literate? ● Brennen Created tip of the tongue states of Qui’chi, Mayan language with no written system – Schooled Literates in Spanish – Unschooled Literates in Spanish – Non-literates in any language – University students
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Tip of the tongue ● All experienced tip of the tongue states but ● Only university students and schooled literates said they could recall specific aspects of words (3 syllables, rhymes with... etc.)
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Tip of the tongue ● All experienced tip of the tongue states but ● Only university students and schooled literates said they could recall specific aspects of words (3 syllables, rhymes with... etc.) ● What does this tell you?
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Tip of the tongue
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Defining meaning ● Is almost impossible ● Requires taking into consideration many things:
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Defining meaning ● Is almost impossible ● Requires taking into consideration many things: – personal experience – beliefs – culture – personal interpretation
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Semantic Primes ● Phonology assumes that sounds are made up of features
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Semantic Primes ● So why can't meanings? – Man is [+HUMAN], [+MALE], [+ADULT] – Woman is [+HUMAN], [-MALE], [+ADULT] – Boy is [+HUMAN], [+MALE], [-ADULT] – Girl is [+HUMAN], [-MALE], [-ADULT]
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Semantic Primes ● Wierzbicka
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Semantic Primes ● Can you describe every word with some feature?
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Semantic Primes ● Can you describe every word with some feature? ● Too simplistic
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Lexical Decision Task ● One way of seeing how words are stored or related is to measure how long it takes to recognize them. – Task: press yes if the word you see (or hear) is a word and no if it isn't.
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Lexical Decision Task ● One way of seeing how words are stored or related is to measure how long it takes to recognize them. – Task: press yes if the word you see (or hear) is a word and no if it isn't. – Reaction time measured
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Lexical Decision Task ● Some findings: – longer words take longer to recognize – less frequent words take longer to recognize
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Lexical Decision Task ● Priming: seeing (or hearing) a word activates words that are connected to it
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Lexical Decision Task ● Priming: seeing (or hearing) a word activates words that are connected to it ● So RT to a related word will be affected – If RT speeds up there is facilitatory priming – If RT slows down there is inhibitory priming
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Lexical Decision Task ● Word thought to affect other word, and which is seen first is the PRIME ● Word thought to be affected by prime is the Target
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Lexical Decision Task ● Word thought to affect other word, and which is seen first is the PRIME ● Word thought to be affected by prime is the Target – Prime: tree – Target: leaf
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● How are two languages stored in the mind?
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● How are two languages stored in the mind? ● Definition of bilingual? – Simultaneous acquisition – Acquired early in life – Acquired late in life – Dormant: moved from L1 and rarely speaks – Balanced: speak both equally well
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● How are words in both languages related? Semantically, phonologically, both? – Give first word you think of in other language profound plum daughter school
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● Non bilinguals gave two kinds of answers – Paradigmatic (semantic) man > woman/child – Syntagmatic (syntactic) brush > teeth hold > hand bank > robber
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● Native French L2 learners of English gave phonological answers – profound > plafond, professeur
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● Native French L2 learners of English gave phonological answers – profound > plafond, professeur ● So phonology seems more important in bilingualism – Makes sense. Meaning takes lifetime of experience
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● How do the languages affect each other? – L1 affects L2? – L2 affect L1? – They both affect each other?
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● How do the languages affect each other? – L1 affects L2? – L2 affect L1? – They both affect each other? ● L1 affects L2
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● What does priming show? – English prime:garbage – Spanish target:basura – Spanish prime:cortina – English target:curtain
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● What does priming show? – English prime:garbage – Spanish target:basura – Spanish prime:cortina – English target:curtain ● For Simultaneous speakers there is more priming effect ● For less proficient there is less priming
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● Which direction does priming go for simultaneous?
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● Which direction does priming go for simultaneous? – both ways
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● Other kinds of relationships to test – cognates versus non-cognates cognate: planta plant non-cognate: suelo floor
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● Other kinds of relationships to test – cognates versus non-cognates cognate: planta plant non-cognate: suelo floor ● Cognates prime better
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● Other kinds of relationships to test – non-cognates bird oisseau(bird) – false cognates cat gateau (cat cake)
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● Other kinds of relationships to test – non-cognates bird oisseau(bird) – false cognates cat gateau (cat cake) ● False cognates prime better
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The Bilingual Lexicon ● Other kinds of relationships to test – Phonological/orthographic priming versus semantic priming phono/ortho: cannon cantina semantic: artist pintar(paint) – Semantic priming is weak in monolinguals
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The Trilingual Lexicon ● Two kinds of participants – L1 Spanish, L2 English, L3 French – L1 English, L2 Spanish, L3 French ● Primes in English and Spanish ● Targets always in French – casa > maison – house > maison
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The Trilingual Lexicon ● Three kinds of primes – Phonologically similar – Semantically similar – Semantically and phonologically similar
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Phonological Priming Spanish Prime English Prime
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Semantic Priming English Prime Spanish Prime
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Semantic and Phonological Priming
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