1. Blood Parasites

2. Different stages of Haemoflagellates

4. African sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: East Africa, wild and domestic animal reservoirs
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: West and Central Africa, mainly human infection

5. African Trypanosomiasis
Life cycle of Trypanosoma
brucei gambiense & T. b. rhodesiense

7. Animal reservoir hosts for African sleeping sickness

8. Tsetse fly

9. Pathology and clinical picture
Skin stage: chancre.
Haematolymphatic stage: generalized lymphadenopathy, anaemia, generalized organ involvement.
Central nervous system stage (CNS): Meningoencephalitis.
(Development of the disease more rapid in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense)

10. chancre

11. Winterbottom’s stage

12. 3rd stage CNS

13. Lymph node aspirate

14. trypanosoma

15. CSF

17. AMERICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS
LIFE CYCLE OF Trypanosoma cruzi

18. Reduviid (Triatomine) bug

19. T. cruzi causes cutaneous stage (chagoma)

20. Ocular lesion (Romana’ sign)

21. C-shape

22. Heart damage due to American trypanosomiasis

23. Diagnosis
Blood film
Serology: IFAT
Xenodiagnosis: feeding bugs on a suspected cases.

24. TREATMENT African trypanosomiasis For early infection pentamidine
suramin
For late infection
eflornithine (Diflouromethylornithine- DFMO)
American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease)
benznidazole
nifurtimox

25. FILARIALIASIS )

26. LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS

27. MAJOR FILARIAL INFECTIONS OF HUMANS
Lab. diagnosis
vector
Location of microfilaria
Location of adult in humans
Geographic distribution
Disease
species
Blood film
mosquitoes
Blood (nocturnal periodicity)
Lymphatic vessels
Tropical and subtropical areas
elephantiasis
Wuchereria bancrofti
Blood film+ICT
Asia
Brugia malayi
Skin snip
Simulium spp. (black fly)
Skin, eyes, no periodicity
Subcutaneous nodules
Africa, Central and South America, Yemen
Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
Onchocerca volvulus
Chrysops spp. (deer fly)
Blood (diurnal periodicity)
Moving in subcutaneous tissues
Central Africa
loiasis
Loa loa

29. Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
Pathology:
Adults worms live in subcutaneous nodules.
Main pathology caused by microfilariae in:
Skin: dermatitis
Lymph nodes: lymphadenopathy
Eyes: blindness
Diagnosis: skin snip to identify microfilariae.
Treatment: Ivermectin

31. Lymphatic Filariasis

32. LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS Mainly caused by Wuchereria bancrofti Pathology:
and Brugia malayi
Pathology:
Due to adult worm obstructing lymphatics.
Acute: lymphadenitis lymphatic varices
Chronic: lymphedema, hydrocele, chyluria.

33. LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
Diagnosis: detection of microfilariae in blood in early stages of the disease:
Blood film, Knott’s method
( concentration of 1 ml of blood), best 10 pm to 2 am (nocturnal periodicity).
Immunological tests:
Treatment: diethylcarbamazine (DEC) or ivermectin

35. Loa loa

36. Loiasis

37. Loiasis
Pathology: Adult worm continously migration in subcutaneous and subconjuntival tissues, causing Calabar swellings (allergic reactions) and conjunctivitis.

38. Loiasis Diagnosis: detection of microfilariae in blood film.
Treatment: diethylcarbamazine (DEC) or ivermectin, surgical remonval.