1. Chapter 4-The Circulatory System By Sophie Block B

2. The Body’s Transportation System Section 1

3. Moving Materials Circulatory System carries needed materials to cells and gets rid of any waste products from cell. Also, disease fighting blood cells are transported around to kill disease causing micro-organisms.

4. The Heart Pumps blood Two upper chambers=atria, two lower chambers=ventricle RA RVLV LA

5. Heartbeat Pacemaker is a group of cells located in the Right Atrium. Pacemaker is constantly adjusting the heart rate to match oxygen needs. Exercise=higher heart rate Artificial pacemakers can replace the pacemaker if it is damaged.

6. The Pathway of Blood From the Heart Loop #1- – Heart  Lungs  Heart 1. Flows into Right Atrium 2. Little oxygen, more carbon dioxide 3. Blood travels to lungs through arteries 4. Comes in contact with capillaries that are close to lungs 5. Becomes oxygen rich Loop #2- – Heart  Blood vessels in body  Heart 1.Blood moves in from left ventricle 2.Pumped into Aorta (largest artery) 3.Comes in contact with capillaries where oxygen is given to cells, and carbon dioxide is exchanged

7. A Closer Look at Blood Vessels Section 2

8. Arteries When blood leaves heart, it travels through arteries. Coronary arteries carry blood to heart Each artery branches into smaller arteries Arteries are very thick Pulse=a spurt of blood the heart sends through the arteries Muscles in the middle wall of artery are involuntary. – When they contract opening becomes smaller, when they relax, opening becomes smaller

9. Capillaries Materials are exchanged between blood and body’s cells in Capillaries Walls are one cell thick One way the materials are exchanged is diffusion.

10. Veins Veins=larger blood vessels Have 3 layers like arteries, but are thinner Heart has less effect; Contraction of skeletal muscles moves blood through veins Larger veins also have valves that keep from flowing backwards and force blood to heart

11. Blood Pressure “Pressure is a force that something exerts over a given area” pg. 110 in textbook. Blood pressure is when ventricles contract. Blood flowing in arteries has the most pressure Blood pressure is measured with momanometer.

12. Blood and Lymph Section 3

13. Plasma Materials travel in Plasma Transports: molecules from broken down food, vitamins and minerals, chemical messages, wastes from cell processes Protein molecules give yellow color Three groups of plasma proteins – 1-regulates amount of water – 2-helps fight disease – 3- works with platelets to create blood clots

14. Red and White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells – Red blood cells take the oxygen in the lungs – Look like pinched disks – Can bend and twist easily – Made mostly of hemoglobin, a protein containing iron that mixes with oxygen molecules – Have no nulceus White Blood Cells – Fight disease – Fewer than red blood cells – Bigger than red blood cells – Live longer than red blood cells

15. Platelets Cell fragments that help produce blood clots When cut, platelets stick to the vessel where the wound is Release chemicals that begin a chain reaction After a while, reactions produce chemical called fibrin All the platelets and blood cells eventually get caught in a “net” that creates a blood clot

16. Blood Types Figured out types of blood that are tolerated by original type are the only way for a transfusion to work Four types- A, AB, B, O Type determined by markers on red blood cells Intolerable types of blood are forced into clumps that can clog capillaries ❀ Blood TypeIntolerable TypesCan be received in transfusion ABA and O ABN/AAll BAB and O OA and BO

17. The Lymphatic System Network of vessels like veins that returns fluid to bloodstream While fluid is in lymphatic system, it’s called lymph Lymph contains: water, dissolved materials, some white blood cells Lymph nodes filter lymph

18. Cardiovascular Health Section 4

19. Cardiovascular Disease Atherosclerosis= when an artery wall thickens because of fatty build-up Can happen in coronary arteries which can lead to the heart receiving less blood and oxygen, causing a heart attack

20. Hypertension Hypertension=high blood pressure Normal blood pressure-140/90 Makes heart work harder Heart and arteries can be damaged badly

21. Keeping Your Cardiovascular System Healthy Eat a good diet Exercise! Don’t Smoke!!!!! All of these will prevent atherosclerosis